Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap Table 1:Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index Subindex Variable Source Economic Participation Ratio:female labour force participation over male value Intemational Labour Organisation (LO)Key Indicators of the Labour and Opportunity Market (KIM)database,6th edition:LO estimates,2013 Wage equality between women and men for similar work World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey (EOS)2015 (converted to female-over-male ratio) Ratio:female estimated eamed income over male value World Economic Forum calculations based on United Nations Development Programme methodology (reter to Human Develapment Report2007/2008 Ratio:female legislators,senior officials and managers over male value Intemational Labour Organisation database,2014 or latest avaable data;United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009.most recent year available between 1999 2nd2007 Ratio:female professional and technical workers over male value Intemational Labour Organisation database,2014or latest available data;United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009,most recent year available between 1999 2nd2007 Educational Attainment Ratio:female literacy rate over male value United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)Institute for Statistics Education indicators datababase. 2015,or latest avaable data:United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009,most recent year avaiable between 1997 and 2007;and Human Development Report 2008,most recent year available between 1999 and 2006 Ratio:female net primary enrolment rate over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database,2014 or latest data available Ratio:female net secondary enrolment rate over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database,2014 or latest data available Ratio:female gross tertiary enrolment ratio over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database,2014 or latest data available Health and Survival Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio) Central Inteligence Agency The CIA World Factbook,2015 (data updated weekly) Ratio:female healthy life expectancy over male value World Health Organization Global Health Observatory database,2013 Political Empowerment Ratio:females with seats in parliament over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union Women in Poliics:2015,reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 June 2015 Ratio:females at ministerial level over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union Wamen in Politics:2015,reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 June 2015 Ratio:number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years)over World Economic Forum calculations,30 June 2015 male value gaps between women and men's attainment levels,rather The type of scale chosen determines whether the Index than the levels themselves. is rewarding women's empowerment or gender equality.3 To capture gender equality,two possible scales were Truncate data at equality benchmark considered.One was a negative-positive scale capturing the As a second step,these ratios are truncated at the size and direction of the gender gap.This scale penalizes "equality benchmark".For all indicators,except the two either men's advantage over women or women's advantage health indicators,this equality benchmark is considered over men,and gives the highest points to absolute equality. to be 1,meaning equal numbers of women and men. The second choice was a one-sided scale that measures In the case of the sex ratio at birth variable,the equality how close women are to reaching parity with men but benchmark is set to be 0.944,and the healthy life does not reward or penalize countries for having a gender expectancy benchmark is set to be 1.06.2 Truncating the gap in the other direction.We find the one-sided scale data at the equality benchmarks for each indicator assigns more appropriate for our purposes,as it does not reward the same score to a country that has reached parity countries for having exceeded the parity benchmark. between women and men and one where women have surpassed men. The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 5The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 | 5 Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap gaps between women and men’s attainment levels, rather than the levels themselves. Truncate data at equality benchmark As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the “equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men. In the case of the sex ratio at birth variable, the equality benchmark is set to be 0.944,1 and the healthy life expectancy benchmark is set to be 1.06.2 Truncating the data at the equality benchmarks for each indicator assigns the same score to a country that has reached parity between women and men and one where women have surpassed men. The type of scale chosen determines whether the Index is rewarding women’s empowerment or gender equality.3 To capture gender equality, two possible scales were considered. One was a negative-positive scale capturing the size and direction of the gender gap. This scale penalizes either men’s advantage over women or women’s advantage over men, and gives the highest points to absolute equality. The second choice was a one-sided scale that measures how close women are to reaching parity with men but does not reward or penalize countries for having a gender gap in the other direction. We find the one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes, as it does not reward countries for having exceeded the parity benchmark. Table 1: Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index Subindex Variable Source Economic Participation and Opportunity Ratio: female labour force participation over male value International Labour Organisation (ILO) Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) database, 6th edition; ILO estimates, 2013 Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio) World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) 2015 Ratio: female estimated earned income over male value World Economic Forum calculations based on United Nations Development Programme methodology (refer to Human Development Report 2007/2008) Ratio: female legislators, senior officials and managers over male value International Labour Organisation ILOStat database, 2014 or latest available data; United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009, most recent year available between 1999 and 2007 Ratio: female professional and technical workers over male value International Labour Organisation ILOStat database, 2014 or latest available data; United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009, most recent year available between 1999 and 2007 Educational Attainment Ratio: female literacy rate over male value United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics Education indicators datababase, 2015, or latest available data; United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2009, most recent year available between 1997 and 2007; and Human Development Report 2008, most recent year available between 1999 and 2006 Ratio: female net primary enrolment rate over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database, 2014 or latest data available Ratio: female net secondary enrolment rate over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database, 2014 or latest data available Ratio: female gross tertiary enrolment ratio over male value UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education indicators database, 2014 or latest data available Health and Survival Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio) Central Intelligence Agency The CIA World Factbook, 2015 (data updated weekly) Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male value World Health Organization Global Health Observatory database, 2013 Political Empowerment Ratio: females with seats in parliament over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union Women in Politics: 2015, reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 June 2015 Ratio: females at ministerial level over male value Inter-Parliamentary Union Women in Politics: 2015, reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 June 2015 Ratio: number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value World Economic Forum calculations, 30 June 2015