Part 1:Measuring the Global Gender Gap on the size of the gap between male and female enrolment and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the rates,but not for the overall levels of education in the ratio of women to men among legislators,senior officials country. and managers,and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Outcomes vs.inputs The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender Educational Attainment Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcomes In this subindex,the gap between women's and men's rather than inputs or means.Our aim is to provide a current access to education is captured through ratios of snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to women to men in primary-,secondary-and tertiary-level some fundamental outcome indicators related to basic education.A longer-term view of the country's ability to rights such as health,education,economic participation educate women and men in equal numbers is captured and political empowerment.Indicators related to country- through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male specific policies,rights,culture or customs-factors that we literacy rate. consider "input"or"means"indicators-are not included in the Index,but they are displayed in the Country Profiles. Health and Survival For example,the Index includes an indicator comparing This subindex provides an overview of the differences the gap between men and women in high-skilled jobs such between women's and men's health through the use of as legislators,senior officials and managers(an outcome two indicators.The first is the sex ratio at birth,which indicator)but does not include data on the length of aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of"missing maternity leave (a policy indicator). women"prevalent in many countries with a strong son preference.Second,we use the gap between women's Gender equality vs.women's empowerment and men's healthy life expectancy.This measure provides The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap an estimate of the number of years that women and men Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity can expect to live in good health by taking into account to gender equality rather than to women's empowerment. the years lost to violence,disease,malnutrition or other Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women relevant factors and men in the chosen indicators has declined.rather than whether women are "winning"the "battle of the sexes". Political Empowerment Hence,the Index rewards countries that reach the point This subindex measures the gap between men and women where outcomes for women equal those for men,but at the highest level of political decision-making through it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women the ratio of women to men in minister-level positions and are outperforming men in particular indicators in some the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions.In countries.Thus a country that has higher enrolment for addition,we include the ratio of women to men in terms girls rather than boys in secondary school will score equal of years in executive office(prime minister or president) to a country where boys'and girls'enrolment is the same. for the last 50 years.A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any indicators capturing differences The four subindexes between the participation of women and men at local The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap levels of government.Should such data become available between men and women in four fundamental categories at a globally comparative level in future years,they will be (subindexes):Economic Participation and Opportunity, considered for inclusion in the Index. Educational Attainment,Health and Survival and Political Empowerment.Table 1 (page 5)displays all four of Construction of the Index these subindexes and the 14 different indicators that The overall Global Gender Gap Index is constructed compose them,along with the sources of data used for using a four-step process,outlined below.Some of the each. indicators listed in Table 1 require specific construction or modification in order to be used in the Index.For further Economic Participation and Opportunity information on the indicator-specific calculations,please This subindex contains three concepts:the participation refer to the How to Read the Country Profiles section in gap,the remuneration gap and the advancement gap.The Part 2 of this Report. participation gap is captured using the difference between women and men in labour force participation rates.The Convert to ratios remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator Initially,all data are converted to female/male ratios.For (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income)and a example,a country with 20%of women in ministerial qualitative indicator gathered through the World Economic positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women /80 men,thus a Forum's Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar value of 0.25.This is to ensure that the Index is capturing work).Finally,the gap between the advancement of women 4 The Global Gender Gap Report 2015Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gap 4 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2015 on the size of the gap between male and female enrolment rates, but not for the overall levels of education in the country. Outcomes vs. inputs The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcomes rather than inputs or means. Our aim is to provide a snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to some fundamental outcome indicators related to basic rights such as health, education, economic participation and political empowerment. Indicators related to country￾specific policies, rights, culture or customs—factors that we consider “input” or “means” indicators—are not included in the Index, but they are displayed in the Country Profiles. For example, the Index includes an indicator comparing the gap between men and women in high-skilled jobs such as legislators, senior officials and managers (an outcome indicator) but does not include data on the length of maternity leave (a policy indicator). Gender equality vs. women’s empowerment The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity to gender equality rather than to women’s empowerment. Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women and men in the chosen indicators has declined, rather than whether women are “winning” the “battle of the sexes”. Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular indicators in some countries. Thus a country that has higher enrolment for girls rather than boys in secondary school will score equal to a country where boys’ and girls’ enrolment is the same. The four subindexes The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories (subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment. Table 1 (page 5) displays all four of these subindexes and the 14 different indicators that compose them, along with the sources of data used for each. Economic Participation and Opportunity This subindex contains three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured using the difference between women and men in labour force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative indicator gathered through the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Educational Attainment In this subindex, the gap between women’s and men’s current access to education is captured through ratios of women to men in primary-, secondary- and tertiary-level education. A longer-term view of the country’s ability to educate women and men in equal numbers is captured through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate. Health and Survival This subindex provides an overview of the differences between women’s and men’s health through the use of two indicators. The first is the sex ratio at birth, which aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of “missing women” prevalent in many countries with a strong son preference. Second, we use the gap between women’s and men’s healthy life expectancy. This measure provides an estimate of the number of years that women and men can expect to live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition or other relevant factors. Political Empowerment This subindex measures the gap between men and women at the highest level of political decision-making through the ratio of women to men in minister-level positions and the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions. In addition, we include the ratio of women to men in terms of years in executive office (prime minister or president) for the last 50 years. A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any indicators capturing differences between the participation of women and men at local levels of government. Should such data become available at a globally comparative level in future years, they will be considered for inclusion in the Index. Construction of the Index The overall Global Gender Gap Index is constructed using a four-step process, outlined below. Some of the indicators listed in Table 1 require specific construction or modification in order to be used in the Index. For further information on the indicator-specific calculations, please refer to the How to Read the Country Profiles section in Part 2 of this Report. Convert to ratios Initially, all data are converted to female/male ratios. For example, a country with 20% of women in ministerial positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women /80 men, thus a value of 0.25. This is to ensure that the Index is capturing