o An artificially imposed electrochemical gradient across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane alone(both were performed using sub-organelle vesicles) were found to drive ATP synthesis (with the ATP synthase present e The across-membrane proton gradient was thus finally accepted as the driving force for ATP synthesis: the chemiosmotic model was accepted as a theory! o The chemiosmotic theory unified the apparently disparate energy transduction processes as oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphory lation, active transport across membrane and the motion of bacterial flagella An artificially imposed electrochemical gradient across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane alone (both were performed using sub-organelle vesicles) were found to drive ATP synthesis (with the ATP synthase present).  The across-membrane proton gradient was thus finally accepted as the driving force for ATP synthesis: the chemiosmotic model was accepted as a theory!  The chemiosmotic theory unified the apparently disparate energy transduction processes as oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, active transport across membrane and the motion of bacterial flagella