o A closed membrane system is essential for ATP synthesis but not for the electron flow(tested with detergent or physical 八化学渗透学说的实验证据 Shearing o Hydrophobic weak acids (DNP and FCCP) and ionophores(valinomycin) were found to be able to uncouple atp synthesis from electron transferring o The transmembrane proton pumping has been experimentally detected: pH in the intermembrane space was found to decrease when electron flow occurs (more protons are pumped when NADH rather than succinate. is utilized as reductant)八 化 学 渗 透 学 说 的 实 验 证 据  A closed membrane system is essential for ATP synthesis but not for the electron flow (tested with detergent or physical shearing.  Hydrophobic weak acids (DNP and FCCP) and ionophores (valinomycin) were found to be able to uncouple ATP synthesis from electron transferring.  The transmembrane proton pumping has been experimentally detected: pH in the intermembrane space was found to decrease when electron flow occurs (more protons are pumped when NADH, rather than succinate, is utilized as reductant)