In scholars'mind.。 Zeng guofan steadily developed his interest in Western Science and supported the Self-strengthening Movement The term tyu-chiangxigiang, self-strengthening and"Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application''(1890s slogan by scholars of a later generation Scholars facing new problems, e.g. Feng Guifen and his personal protests?from his study in 1861 The new elite members in the treaty ports, Western learning traditionIn scholars’ mind…  Zeng Guofan steadily developed his interest in Western Science and supported the Self-strengthening Movement.  The term tzu-chiang/ziqiang, self-strengthening and “Chinese learning/value for the base/framework, Western studies for use/practical application” (1890’s slogan by scholars of a later generation)  Scholars facing new problems, e.g. Feng Guifen and his “personal protests” from his study in 1861.  The new elite members in the treaty ports, Western learning + tradition