Program Execution-The OS must be able to load a program into RAM,run the program,and terminate the program,either normally or abnormally.(process lifecycle) 1/O Operations -The OS is responsible for transferring data to and from 1/O devices,including keyboards,terminals,printers,and storage devices. File-System Manipulation -In addition to raw data storage,the OS is also responsible for maintaining directory and subdirectory structures,mapping file names to specific blocks of data storage, and providing tools for navigating and utilizing the file system. • Program Execution - The OS must be able to load a program into RAM, run the program, and terminate the program, either normally or abnormally.（process lifecycle) • I/O Operations - The OS is responsible for transferring data to and from I/O devices, including keyboards, terminals, printers, and storage devices. • File-System Manipulation - In addition to raw data storage, the OS is also responsible for maintaining directory and subdirectory structures, mapping file names to specific blocks of data storage, and providing tools for navigating and utilizing the file system