8 BioMed Research International aneAd 2.20 415:0 警 auraseg 780.0 850 629.0 1570 100.0 880-0 -0100 0600 (95 (426)8 (4.69)1 (4.0ug 000 99 47616 0)0 (92m g (0)0 00 00 2:).2 00 00)0 88 (8)1 05)61 913320 (Z'EI)S (Z'EI)S 000 (G.2)元 1(8.8)0 61)t 32m (9.2)m 0)0 (2.39062 (4:80入 (8.8) 62)0 (G.2)m 00 000 1(5010g oneAd 000.0 ·000.0 ·000.0 (=u)dnox8 uonuaAlauI uonuaAlajunsod (85 (4.13)kL (8.3)0 000 (S.0)5 (S3)2 000 090 (001)4g (000 g 000 0)0 (000 (1:18)1E (老77)1 09)0 000 000 0)0 0)0 F2) 000 000 0)0 (8)5 (5.62)8l 2.2)工 (8.3)0 16g (16)g 0)0 (EZ)I (118)C 16)4 82)元 e.2)1 00)0 (400)8 (8'IE)I (4.3)2 (5.3).2 E2)1 000 0)0 000 (810)gi sIaMsue ajdnmu)pasn sorsadjeue jo sadAL (uasoyo aq ueo paonponu aaey yes usIu/reopau oN lopeued opewelL say1O AleP aIML suonuaAoju eorgojooewreyduou jo as inoqe yanoua Mouy jou oc ayl ino Aueo o]Heis Buisinu oN (uasoyp aq ue sIamsue aldnnu)pasn SCL aio H90 (uasoyp suonquaAJajur n!o/urreq sisaBreuy aBesseW ped 1oH ped ploo oIsnu o]Buua)s!T Sureaq da8 BioMed Research International Table 5: Use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions by the intervention and control groups. Intervention group (𝑛 = 44) Control group (𝑛 = 38) Group difference Baseline Postintervention 𝑃 value# Baseline Postintervention 𝑃 value# Baseline Postintervention 𝑛 (%) 𝑛 (%) 𝑛 (%) 𝑛 (%) 𝑃 value# 𝑃 value# Use of analgesics 16 (36.4) 17 (38.6) 0.000∗ 19 (50) 18 (47.4) 0.001∗ 0.087 0.272 Types of analgesics used (multiple answers can be chosen) 0.513 0.714 Panadol 13 (29.5) 14 (31.8) 0.000∗ 12 (31.6) 15 (39.5) 0.088 Tramadol 1 (2.3) 3 (6.8) 2 (5.3) 1 (2.6) Others 2 (4.5) 0 (0) 5 (13.2) 2 (5.3) Frequency (prescription on PRN) 0.000∗ 0.010∗ 0.629 0.767 Once daily 3 (6.8) 5 (11.4) 7 (18.4) 7 (18.4) Twice daily 4 (9.1) 6 (13.6) 5 (13.2) 4 (10.5) TDS 4 (9.1) 3 (6.8) 5 (13.2) 2 (5.3) QID 5 (11.4) 2 (4.5) 0 (0) 5 (13.2) Q4H 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2.6) 0 (0) Q6H 1 (2.3) 0 (0) 1 (2.6) 0 (0) Use of nonpharmacological interventions 37 (84.1) 44 (100) — 28 (73.7) 37 (97.4) 0.090 0.731 — Reasons for not using nonpharmacological interventions (multiple answers can be chosen) Do not know enough about nonpharmacological interventions 4 (9.1) 0 (0) — 6 (15.8) 0 (0) — — — No medical/nursing staff have introduced such interventions 2 (4.5) 0 (0) — 3 (7.9) 1 (2.6) — — — Do not believe this is an effective method of pain relief 2 (4.5) 0 (0) — 2 (5.3) 0 (0) — — — No nursing staff to carry out the interventions 1 (2.3) 0 (0) — 1 (2.6) 0 (0) — — — No facilities to carry out the interventions 1 (2.3) 0 (0) — 1 (2.6) 0 (0) — — — Types of nonpharmacological interventions used (multiple answers can be chosen) Aromatherapy 0 (0) 37 (84.1) — 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — Analgesic balm/oil 31 (70.5) 34 (77.3) — 24 (63.2) 32 (84.2) — — — Massage 14 (31.8) 17 (38.6) — 7 (18.4) 9 (23.7) — — — Hot pad 2 (4.5) 0 (0) — 11 (28.9) 0 (0) — — — Resting in bed 2 (4.5) 0 (0) — 7 (18.4) 2 (5.3) — — — Watching television 2 (4.5) 0 (0) — 6 (15.8) 0 (0) — — — Cold pad 1 (2.3) 0 (0) — 3 (7.9) 0 (0) — — — Chatting 1 (2.3) 0 (0) — 2 (5.3) 0 (0) — — — Listening to music 0 (0) 1 (2.3) — 1 (2.6) 0 (0) — — — Mediation 0 (0) 0 (0) — 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — Deep breathing 0 (0) 0 (0) — 0 (0) 0 (0) — — — Others 14 (31.8) 0 (0) — 4 (10.5) 6 (15.8) — — —