国生一 Preparation of semisolids 圈生一 Evaluation of ointments ©Fusion method 熔合法 ④Drug content ④Melting range ⑥Cold incorporation研和法 ©Viscosity Rheological behavior 国Emulsion method乳化法 Skin irritation ©Stability Transdermal drug delivery systems 国生 Transdermal drug delivery involves the application ©Advantages of TDDS of a drug to the skin to achieve systemically active Escape hepatic first-pass effect levels of the drug to treat diseases remote from the Sustained and controlled release application site. Minimize the fluctuation of blood level .Transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS) Improve patients'compliancy Transdermal therapeutic systems(TTS) Easy for applying and removing 国生一 国线 Methods enhancing transdermal drug delivery 圈Development of TDDS ·Chemical methods ·Preformulation ·Percutaneous penetration enhancers经皮透过促进剂 .Analytical methodology ·Ion pairs离子对 Determine permeability rate ·Physical methods Select ingredients in TDDS ·lontophoresis离子导入 Pharmacokinetics research ·Sonophoresis超声导入 .Clinical research and quality control procedure ·Microneedles微针技术 44 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Preparation of semisolids Fusion method 熔合法 Cold incorporation 研和法 Emulsion method 乳化法 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Evaluation of ointments Drug content Melting range Viscosity Rheological behavior Skin irritation Stability Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityTransdermal drug delivery systems Transdermal drug delivery involves the application of a drug to the skin to achieve systemically active levels of the drug to treat diseases remote from the application site. • Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) • Transdermal therapeutic systems ( TTS) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Advantages of TDDS • Escape hepatic first-pass effect • Sustained and controlled release • Minimize the fluctuation of blood level • Improve patients’ compliancy • Easy for applying and removing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Methods enhancing transdermal drug delivery • Chemical methods • Percutaneous penetration enhancers 经皮透过促进剂 • Ion pairs 离子对 • Physical methods • Iontophoresis 离子导入 • Sonophoresis 超声导入 • Microneedles 微针技术 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Development of TDDS • Preformulation • Analytical methodology • Determine permeability rate • Select ingredients in TDDS • Pharmacokinetics research • Clinical research and quality control procedure