Root: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which aff ixes of any kind can be added Bound root a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morphem Affixation: Derivation(also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems, suffixation is the formation of new words by add ing suffixes to tems joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compoun ords by Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new Conversion: Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift= conversion Zero-derivation. Adjective to noun (1) full conversion(2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy包含两类:1) initialisms(不发音)g.BBC,VOA,TB2) acronyms(形成新的发音)g.CORE,TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won manteau Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word o the opposite Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered Words from proper names of place, people trade, book, etc Concept, is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the object world in the human mind Sense: denotes the relationships inside the language Reference is the relationship between language and the worldRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds. Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word. Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world