Fong China's One-Child Policy 1107 10. Most of my students live in two-parent homes. Among my sur. Coale, Ansley J. and Judith Banister ey respondents, 91 percent (N= 2, 188)indicated that they were 1994 Five Decades of Missing Females in China. Demography living with both their parents). Childbearing outside of wedlock is 31(3):459479 legal, socially scandalous, and almost nonexistent in Dalian Coale, Ansley J, and Chen ShengLi Most unmarried women who get pregnant have abortions, whic 1987 Basic Data on Fertility in the Provinces of China, 1940-82. re readily available and less stigmatizing than the alternatives. In Honolulu: The East-West Population Institute 987, less than one percent of women were estimated to have re- Collier, Jane Fishburne, and Sylvia Junko Yanagisako mained single through age 50( Zeng Yi 2000: 93) 1987 Gender and Kinship: Essays toward a Unified Analysis. Stan- ford: Stanford University Press. 11. China's gender ratio imbalance has increased steadily since Croll, Elisabeth J. 1995 Chan 1990 census, there were 1.083 males for every female born be. nce, and Self-Perception in Twentieth-Century China Hong tween 1980 and 1984( Coale and Banister 1994: 461), the period ong: Hong Kong University Press. when most of my students were born. According to Chinas 1995 Dalian Shi jiaoyu Zhi Bian Zuan Bangongshi census, there were 1.17 males for every female born in 1995(Li Yongping and Peng Xizhe 2000: 71). o tion l slian Jiaoyu Yaolan 1997-1998(a Survey of Dalian Educa- 97-1998). Dalian: Dalian Shi Jiaoyu Zhi Bian Zuan Ban- Percentages of mothers and fathers who did various kinds of gshi (Dalian City Education Records household chores, according rey respondents: 94 percent of Davis, Deborah, and Stevan harrell nothers(N= 2, 198)and 41 percent of fathers(N= 2, 199)cleaned 94 percent of mothers(N= 2, 195)and 42 percent of fathers(N Life In Chinese families in the post.Mao era. D. Davis and s har. rell, eds. Pp. 1-24. Berkeley: University of California Press. cent of fathers(N=2,196) shopped for groceries; and 88 percent of Davis, k ingsley 1986 Wives and Work: The Sex role Revolution and Its Conse mothers(N= 2, 194)and 59 percent of fathers(N= 2, 194)cooked. quences. Population and Development Review 10(3): 397-418 13. Percentages of respondents (girls (N=1, 159), boys [N=839) Dharmalingam, A, and S. Philip Morgan 1996 Womens Work, Autonomy and Birth Control: Evidence and 17 percent of boys want to do more housework than their from Two South Indian Villages. Population Studies 50(2) mouse: 63 percent of girls and 48 percent of boys want to do half the housework; 12 percent of girls and 35 percent of boys want to Essock- Vitale. Susan M. and MichaelT McGuire 1988 What 70 Million Years Hath Wrought: Sexual Histories and productive Success of a Random Sample of American Womer In Human Reproductive Behaviour: A Darwinian Perspective. L. REFERENCES CITED L Betzig, M. B. Mulder, and P. Turke, eds. Pp 221-235. Cam Abadan, Sousan bridge: Cambridge University Press 1996 Women's Autonomy and Its Impact on Fertility. World De Felmlee, Diane h 793-1809 1993 The DynamicInterdependence of womens Employment Aird, John and Fertility. Social Science Research 22(4): 333-360 1990 Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Controlin China. Gates, Hill Washington, DC: AEI Press. 1993 Cultural Support for Birth Limitation among Urban Capital Anagnost, Ann Owning Women. In Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era. D 1988 Family Violence and Magical Violence: The"Woman-as-vic Davis and s Harrell, eds. Pp 251-274. Berkeley: University of tim"in Chinas One-Child Family Policy. Women and Language California press 1(2):16-22 1995 ASurfeit of Bodies: Population and the Rationality of the 1985 Hard Choices: How Women Decide about work, Career, and tate in Post-Mao China In Conceiving the New World Order Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press. The Global Politics of Reproduction. F D. Ginsburg and R Rapp, ibson, Margaret ds. Pp 22-41. Berkeley: University of California Press 1997 Complicating the Immigrant/Involuntary Minority Typo- Andor, Phyllis 1983 The Unfinished Liberation of Chinese women, 1949-1980 Goldman, Wendy Z. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 993 Women, the State and Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge Aries, Philip 1996 Centuries of Childhood. London: pimlico Greenhalgh, Susan Arnold, Fred, and Liu Zhaoxiang 1985a Is Inequality Demographically Induced? The Family Cycle 1986 Sex Preference, Fertility, and Family Planning in China Population and Development Review 12(2): 221-246. 985b Sexual Stratification: The Other Side of"Growth with Eq- 1997 Defying Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh: A Social Demo- uity. "Population and Development Review 11: 265-314 1990 The Evolution of the One-Child Policy in Shaanxi, 1979-88. graphic Analysis. Population Studies 51(2): 153-172 The China Quarterly 122(une): 191-229 994a Controlling Births and Bodiesin Village China. American 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. R Nice, trans. Cambridge: Ethnologist 21(1): 3-30. ambridge University Press. 1994b De-Orientalizing the Chinese Family Firm. American Eth- 001 Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press. logist2l(4):746-775 Burggraf, Shirley P. 1997 The Feminine Economy and Economic Man: Reviving the 2001 Fresh Winds in Beijing: Chinese Feminists Speak Out on the One-Child Policy and Womens Lives. Signs 26(3): 847-886 Role of Family in the Post-Industrial Age. Reading, MA: Addison- Greenhalgh, Susan, and Jiali 1995 Engendering Reproductive Policy and Practice in Peasant China: For a Feminist Demography of Reproduction. Signs 1990 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity Greenhalgh, Susan, Li Nan, and Zhu Huzhu China Population Information and Research Center 1994 Restraining Population Growth in Three Chinese village 2001 Major Figures of the 2000 Population Census. National Bu- 1988-93. Population and Development Review 20(2): 365-39 reau of Statistics, Peoples Republic of China Handwerker W. Penn Chu, Henry 1986 Modern Demographic Transition: An Analysis of Subsis- 2001 India Joins China as Member of the Billion-Population Club. tence Choices and Reproductive Consequences. American An Los Angeles Times, March 29: 9 thropologist 88(2): 400-41710. Most of my students live in two-parent homes. Among my sur￾vey respondents, 91 percent (N = 2,188) indicated that they were living with both their parents). Childbearing outside of wedlock is illegal, socially scandalous, and almost nonexistent in Dalian. Most unmarried women who get pregnant have abortions, which are readily available and less stigmatizing than the alternatives. In 1987, less than one percent of women were estimated to have re￾mained single through age 50 (Zeng Yi 2000:93). 11. China’s gender ratio imbalance has increased steadily since the implementation of the one-child policy. According to China’s 1990 census, there were 1.083 males for every female born be￾tween 1980 and 1984 (Coale and Banister 1994:461), the period when most of my students were born. According to China’s 1995 census, there were 1.17 males for every female born in 1995 (Li Yongping and Peng Xizhe 2000:71). 12. Percentages of mothers and fathers who did various kinds of household chores, according to survey respondents: 94 percent of mothers (N = 2,198) and 41 percent of fathers (N = 2,199) cleaned; 94 percent of mothers (N = 2,195) and 42 percent of fathers (N = 2,194) did laundry; 94 percent of mothers (N = 2,196) and 54 per￾cent of fathers (N = 2,196) shopped for groceries; and 88 percent of mothers (N = 2,194) and 59 percent of fathers (N = 2,194) cooked. 13. Percentages of respondents (girls [N = 1,159], boys [N = 839]) who want to do various amounts of housework: 25 percent of girls and 17 percent of boys want to do more housework than their spouse; 63 percent of girls and 48 percent of boys want to do half the housework; 12 percent of girls and 35 percent of boys want to do less housework than their spouse. REFERENCES CITED Abadian, Sousan 1996 Women’s Autonomy and Its Impact on Fertility. WorldDe￾velopment 24(12):1793–1809. Aird, John S. 1990 Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China. Washington, DC: AEI Press. Anagnost, Ann 1988 FamilyViolence and Magical Violence: The “Woman-as-Vic￾tim”inChina’s One-ChildFamily Policy. Women and Language 1(2):16–22. 1995 A Surfeit of Bodies: Population and the Rationality of the State in Post-Mao China.In Conceiving the New WorldOrder: The Global Politics of Reproduction. F. D. Ginsburg and R. Rapp, eds. Pp. 22–41. Berkeley: University of California Press. Andors, Phyllis 1983 The Unfinished Liberation of ChineseWomen, 1949–1980. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Aries, Philippe 1996 Centuries of Childhood. London: Pimlico. Arnold, Fred, and Liu Zhaoxiang 1986 Sex Preference, Fertility, and FamilyPlanning in China. Population and Development Review 12(2):221–246. Balk, Deborah 1997 Defying Gender Norms inRural Bangladesh: A SocialDemo￾graphic Analysis. Population Studies 51(2):153–172. Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. R. Nice, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001 Masculine Domination. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Burggraf, Shirley P. 1997 The Feminine Economy and EconomicMan: Reviving the Roleof Familyin the Post-Industrial Age. Reading, MA: Addison￾Wesley. Butler, Judith P. 1990 Gender Trouble : Feminismand the Subversion of Identity. NewYork: Routledge. China Population Information and Research Center 2001 Major Figures of the 2000 Population Census. National Bu￾reau of Statistics, People’s Republic of China. Chu, Henry 2001 IndiaJoins China as Member of the Billion-Population Club. Los AngelesTimes, March 29: 9. Coale, Ansley J., and Judith Banister 1994 Five Decades of Missing Females in China.Demography 31(3):459–479. Coale, Ansley J., and Chen ShengLi 1987 Basic Data on Fertility inthe Provinces of China, 1940–82. Honolulu: The East-WestPopulation Institute. Collier, Jane Fishburne, and Sylvia Junko Yanagisako 1987 Gender and Kinship: Essays toward a Unified Analysis. 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McGuire 1988 What70 Million Years HathWrought: SexualHistories and Reproductive Success of a Random Sampleof American Women. InHuman Reproductive Behaviour: A DarwinianPerspective. L. L. Betzig, M. B.Mulder, and P. Turke, eds. Pp. 221–235. Cam￾bridge: Cambridge University Press. Felmlee, Diane H. 1993 The DynamicInterdependence of Women’s Employment and Fertility. Social Science Research 22(4):333–360. Gates, Hill 1993 Cultural Support for Birth Limitation among UrbanCapital￾Owning Women.In Chinese Familiesinthe Post-Mao Era. D. Davis and S. Harrell, eds. Pp. 251–274. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress. Gerson, Kathleen 1985 Hard Choices: How Women Decide about Work, Career, and Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gibson, Margaret 1997 Complicating the Immigrant/Involuntary Minority Typo￾logy. Anthropology and Education Quarterly28(3):431–454. Goldman, Wendy Z. 1993 Women, the State and Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Handwerker, W. Penn 1986 Modern DemographicTransition: An Analysisof Subsis￾tence Choicesand Reproductive Consequences. American An￾thropologist 88(2):400–417. Fong • China’s One-Child Policy 1107