§7P坐标系 P坐标系(Xypt),z坐标系(Xyz;t) p+1 op p ap at ap 10hPa/d op P pgw at x x P +·VD~1hPa/d ≈-ng pgw 100hPa/dP 坐标系 （x, y, p,t), Z 坐标系(x,y,z,t) ( ) ( ) z p u,v = u, v dt dz w = dt dp ω = gw x p v x p u t p z p w x p v x p u t p dt dp ρ ϖ − ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ = ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ = = ( ) gw hPa d V p V V p hPa d hPa d t p h g ~ 100 / ~ 1 / ~ 10 / − ρ ⋅ ∇ = + ′ ⋅ ∇ ∂ ∂ ˆ ™ ™ ϖ ≈ −ρgw §7 P 坐标系