How applications become clients by initiating communication How applications use TCP or UDP protocols to contact a server How they use socket calls to interact with the protocols CSIE, NTUT, Taiwan

Introduction Loosely specified protocol software interface Interface functionality Conceptual interface specification · System calls Two basic approaches to network communication Basic I/ functions in Linux

Client-Server Model Software Design Concurrent Processing CSIE, NTUT, TAIWAN

CONTENTS TCP SERVICES NUMBERING BYTES FLOW CONTROL SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME ERROR CONTROL TCP TIMERS CONGESTION CONTROL SEGMENT OPTIONS CHECKSUM

Transport layer protocol is to reate a process-to-process communication Provide control mechanisms Provide a connection mechanism for the processes

Internet Protocol (IP) Unreliable Connectionless Best-effort delivery No error checking

When there are no taxes and capital markets function well, it makes no difference whether the firm borrows or individual shareholders borrow. Therefore, the market value of a company does not depend on its capital structure

Venture Capital The Initial Public Offering The Underwriters General Cash Offers The Private Placement

Common Stock Preferred Stock Corporate Debt Convertible Securities Patterns of Corporate Financing Irwvin/McGraw-Hill

SInvestment Decision vs. Financing Decision OMarket Efficiency →Weak form efficiency →Semi -strong- form efficiency >Strong form efficiency OLessons of Market Efficiency Irwvin/McGraw-Hill