1 Stationarity and unit Root testing WHy do we need to test for Non-Stationarity? The stationarity or otherwise of a series can strongly influence its behaviour and properties -e.g. persistence of shocks will be infinite for nonstationary series Spurious regressions. If two variables are trending over

1 Goodness of Fit Statistics We would like some measure of how well our regression model actually fits the data.* We have goodness of fit statistics to test this: i.e. how well the sample regression function (srf) fits the data. The most common goodness of fit statistic is known as R2. One

1 Regression Regression is probably the single most important tool at the econometrician's disposal. What is regression analysis? It is concerned with describing and evaluating the relationship between a given variable (usually called the dependent variable) and one or more other

H-O模型是一个总称，包括四个方面的内容： （1）H-O假说：各国将出口那些密集使用本国丰富的生产要素生产的产品，而进口那些密集使用本国稀缺要素生产的产品。 （2）要素价格均等化：国际贸易将使生产要素的实际收益均等化

一、了解消费者均衡实现的假设条件 二、掌握实现消费者消费均衡的条件 三、了解消费者剩余的含义,并会计算 四、学会运用消费者均衡条件进行购买决策分析

▪ 理解需求收入弹性、交叉弹性的含义 ▪ 了解需求收入弹性的种类 ▪ 掌握恩格尔定律的基本内容 ▪ 明确需求收入弹性在社会经济生活中的应用 ▪ 学会运用需求交叉弹性理论

Meaning of Money As the word money is used in everyday conversation, it can mean many things, but to economists, it has a very specific meaning. To avoid confusion, we must clarify how economists’ use of the word money. Economists define money (money supply) as anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. 货币（货币供应）定义为在商品和劳务或债务偿 还中被普遍接受的任何东西

The Completely Randomized Model One-Factor Analysis of Variance F-Test for Difference in c Means The Tukey-Kramer Procedure ANOVA Assumptions The Factorial Design Model: Two-Way Analysis of Variance Examine Effect of Factors and Interaction Kruksal-Wallis Rank Test for Differences in c Medians

一、集中趋势(Central Tendency) 1, What is the most typical value? The Average: typical value for quantitative data The Weighted Average: Adjusting for importance The Median: typical value for quantitative and ordinal data The Mode: typical value even for nominal data 2, What percentile is it? Extremes, Quartiles, and Box Plots The Cumulative distribution function displays the percentiles

一、数据集合 Measurements of items e.g., Yearly sales volume for your 23 salespeople e.g., Cost and number produced, daily, for the past month 二、基本单元 The items being measured e.g., Salespeople, Days, Companies, Catalogs, . 三、变量 The type of measurement being done e.g., Sales volume, Cost, Productivity, Number of defects