◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

1. Compare and contrast a restraining bend and a duplex. Where are they found? How do they form? 2. Given your knowledge of the formation of a duplex, and the dynamics of a restraining bend, would it be possible to form a strike-slip duplex? Last Modified September 18, 2000

A concept is a category under which specific elements may be grouped.e.g. a red ball, a red pencil, and a red chair are all instances of the simple concept “red”. An “even number” is defined as any integer（整数） that is divisible by two without a remainder, and that an “odd number” is one that is not evenly(均匀地） divisible by two

Moral development is the process by which individuals acquire a sense of right and wrong, to use in evaluating their own actions and the actions of others

Foreword Within the physical sciences, analytical chemistry has probably undergone the most dramatic expansion and development during the past few decades. Consequently, the number of analytical techniques, their degree of sophistication and areas of application have increased tremendously. This poses a problem for the chemical educator: what to include in an undergraduate course and at which level?

11.1 羧酸衍生物的命名 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.2 羧酸衍生物的结构和反应性 Structure and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.3 羧酸衍生物的制备 Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.4 羧酸衍生物的水解 醇解 氨解反应 Hydrolysis, Alcoholysis and Amonolysis Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.5 羧酸衍生物的其它反应 Other Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 11.6 酯缩合反应 Ester Condensation Reactions 11.7 油脂和蜡 Fats and Waxes

Overview Definition : Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which the amount of bone is decreased and the structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner. This makes the bone weaker and more likely to fracture

Overview Clinical syndrome Slowing down of metabolism Slowing of growth and mental retardation in infants and children Generalized slowing down of organism Deposition of glycosaminoglycans in skin and muscle Reversible with therapy

Over the past decade the variety of hosts and vector systems for recombinant protein expression has increased dramatically. Researchers now select from among mammalian, insect, yeast, and prokaryotic hosts, and the number of vectors available for use in these organisms continues to grow