Ribosomal RNAs as Evolutionary Chronometers Reasons: Ancient molecules Functionally constant Universally distributed Moderately well conserved in sequence across broad phylogenetic distances

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Genetic engineering: Isolation manipulation and expression of genetic materials. Gene cloning: Isolation and purification of specific genes In vitro recombination=recombinant DNA

Chapter 7 Regulation of Gene Expression Regulation of Enzyme Activity Constitutive enzymes -Enzymes induced by specific circumstances Two major modes of regulation in the cell Control the activity of preexisting enzymes Control the amount of an enzyme

Questions for Eukarya 1. List the Eukaryotic Microorganism you have learned. 2. Describe the differences between various eukaryotic microorganisms. 3. What do algea have various colors? 4. How to classify algae? 5. List six major algae and describe their characteristics you have learned?

Eukarva: Eukaryotic Microorganisms Algae: Phototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms Fungi: Nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell walls Slime molds: nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and that aggregate to form fruiting structures (cellular slime molds) or masses of protoplasm (acellular slime

Questions for Eukarya 1. List the Eukaryotic Microorganism you have learned Eukaryotic microorganism r Algae(ER3): phototrophic eukaryotic miroorganisms Fungi(真菌类): nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell walls

Microbial Ecology: Microorganisms in soil, water, and other environments and how microorganisms act to chemically change their environments. Microbial ecologists study: the biodiversity of microorganisms in nature and how different guilds interact in microbial communities The activities of microorganisms in nature and monitor their effects on ecosystems

Wonder of the Genetic Engineering Expression of luciferase gene in a plant

Biodegradation of xenobiotics H DDT: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (an organochlorine) -SCHCOOC H Xenobiotics are chemically CHO CH22COOC2H Malathion; mercaptosuccinic acid diethyl ester synthesized compounds that (an organophosphate) have never been existed

Chapter 17 Microbial Ecology 2 Methane and methanogenesis Rumen microbial ecology Biogeochemical cycles: nitrogen Biogeochemical cycles: sulfur Biogeochemical cycles: iron Microbial leaching Biogeochemical cycles: trace metals and mercury