1-1热量传递的三种基本方式 热量传递有三种基本方式导热、对流和热辐射。 1导热 物体各部分之间不发生相对位移时,依靠分子、原子及自由 电子等微观粒子的热运动而产生的热量传递过程称为导热(或称热 传导)

电子衍射 电子衍射已成为当今研究物质微观结构的重要手段, 是电子显微学的重要分支。 电子衍射可在电子衍射仪或电子显微镜中进行。电子 衍射分为低能电子衍射和高能电子衍射,前者电子加 速电压较低(10~500V),电子能量低。电子的波动 性就是利用低能电子衍射得到证实的

宏观经济学并不像微观经济学那么 统一,而是各种学说和流派百花齐 放,本章主要对宏观经济学流派、 尤其是目前最大的两个流派进行简 单的介绍。 内容上在对不同流派的争论介绍的 同时,对他们的共识加以总结

Structure When to sell an asset? -rate-of -return- Arbitrage Taxation of asset returns Depletable resources Financial intermediaries

Structure Rational constrained choice Computing ordinary demands Interior solution内在解) Corner solution(角点解) “Kinky\ solution Example: Choosing taxes

Structure Market supply Short-run- supply and equilibrium Long -run- supply and equilibrium Long -run- implications for taxation Fixed inputs and economic rent(经济租金)

Structure Endowments(禀赋) Budget constraints with endowments Net demands -Price offer curve Example: Labor supply Comparative statics Slutsky equation revisited

Structure Money equivalent of utility gains to trade Consumer's' surplus Changes in consumer's' surplus Compensating and equivalent variations Producer's' surplus

Revealed Preference Analysis Suppose we observe the demands (consumption choices) that a consumer makes for different budgets. This reveals information about the consumer's preferences. We can use this information to

Structure Utility function(效用函数) Definition Monotonic transformation(单调转换) Examples of utility functions and their indifference curves Marginal utility(边际效用) Marginal rate of substitution边际替代率 MRS after monotonic transformation