The second edition ofthe Fermentation andBiochemica1 Engineer￾ing Handbook, like the previous edition, is intended to assist the develop￾ment, design and production engineer who is engaged in the fermentation industry. Particular emphasis is give to those unit operations most frequently encountered in the commercial production ofchemicals and pharmaceuticals via fermentation

BIOREACTORS FOR PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURES (by Shinsaku Takayama) ...... 3.1 Background of the Technique-Historical Overview

Copyright 8 1997 by Noyes Publications No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-29055 Printed in the United States

The purpose ofthis chapter is to review various forms of solids dryers and auxiliary components. It is intended to be a practical guide to dryer selection (as opposed to the theory of drying, which is addressed in various technical manuals referenced in the bibliography). From a microscopic

The widespread use of advanced control and process automation for biochemical applications has been lagging as compared with industries such as refining and petrochemicals whose feedstocks are relatively easy to characterize and whose chemistry is well understood and whose measure￾ments are relatively

Historically, sterile bulk pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, prior to filling operations, have followed general bulk pharmaceutical guidelines. As technology and equipment have improved

The solids-liquid separation process can be accomplished by filtration or centrifugation. Centrifuges magnify the force of gravity to separate phases, solids from liquids or one liquid from another. There are two general types of centrifuges: Sedimentation Centrifuges-where a heavy phase settles out from a lighter phase

Often in multiple-effect evaporators the concentration of the liquid being evaporated changes drastically from effect to effect, especially in the latter effects. In such cases, this phenomenon can be used to advantage by staging one or more of the latter effects. Staging is the operation of an effect by maintaining

The engineer designing an ion exchange column operation usually will prefer to work with the simplest kinetic model and linear driving force approximations. The weakness ofthis approach is that any driving force law only regards the momentary exchange rate as a hnction of the solute concentration in the bulk solution and the average concentration in the particle, neglecting the effect of concentration profiles in the particle

Liquid-liquid extraction is a unit operation frequently employed in the pharmaceutical industry, as in many others, for recovery and purification of a desired ingredient from the solution in which it was prepared. Extraction may also be used to remove impurities from a feed stream