胃是消化道中最膨大的部分。成人的容量一般为1-2L,因而具有暂时贮存食物的功能。食物入胃后,还受到胃液的化学性消化和胃壁肌肉运动的机械性消化

1. General Physiological Processes 2. Muscle 3. Blood 4. Autonomic Nervous System 5. Respiration 6. Cardiovascular Physiology 7. Body Fluids and Electrolytes 8. Gastrointestinal System 9. Endocrine System 10. Fuel Metabolism and Nutrition 11. Reproduction and Sexual Function 12. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation 13. Mineral Metabolism, Bone, and Connective Tissue

1 Fundamentals and Cell Physiology 2 Nerve and Muscle, Physical Work 3 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 4 Blood 5 Respiration 6 Acid–Base Homeostasis 7 Kidneys, Salt, and Water Balance 8 Cardiovascular System 9 Thermal Balance and Thermoregulation 10 Nutrition and Digestion 11 Hormones and Reproduction 12 Central Nervous System and Senses 13 Appendix Further Reading Index

Authorand ExecutiveEditor Robert B.Dunn, Ph.D. Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Medicine Loyola University Medical Center Chicago, IL Contributors Susan DeMesquita, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Physiology Marshall School of Medicine Huntington, WV Directorof MedicalIllustration ChristineSchaar Directorof PublishingandMedia Michelle Covello Stanley S. Passo, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Physiology New York Medical College Valhalla, NY MedicalIllustrators Rich LaRocco and Christine Schaar James Porter, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Physiology University of Louisville Louisville, KY ProductionEditors Kathlyn McGreevy Ruthie Nussbaum Kenneth H. Ibsen, Ph.D. Director of Academic Development Kaplan Medical Professor Emeritus Biochemistry University of California Irvine, CA ProductionArtist Michael Wolff CoverDesign Joanna Myllo Mary Ruebush, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor of Microbiology Montana State University Bozeman, MT CoverArt Rich LaRocco

This is an admirably concise and clear guide to fundamental concepts in physiology relevant to clinical practice. It covers all the body systems in an accessible style of presentation. Bulleted checklists and boxed information provide an easy overview and summary of the essentials. By concentrating on the core knowledge of physiology, it will serve as a useful revision aid for all doctors striving to achieve postgraduate qualification, and for anyone needing to refresh their knowledge base in the key elements of clinical physiology. The author’s own experience as an examiner at all levels has been distilled here for the benefit of postgraduate trainees and medical and nursing students. Dr Ashis Banerjee is Consultant in Emergency Medicine and serves as Examiner for those undertaking their MB, BS, MRCS and MFAEM examinations

一、血红素的生物合成 成熟红细胞中,血红蛋白(emgi占红细胞内蛋白质总量的95%,它是血液运输02的最重要物质,和C2的送输亦有一定关系。血红蛋白是由4个亚基组成的四聚体,每一亚基由 分子珠蛋白( globin)与一分子血红素(heme)缔合而成。由于珠蛋白的生物合成与一般蛋白质相同,因此本节重点介绍血红素的生物合成

不论是单细胞生物或组成多细胞有机体的每一个细胞,在它们的生命过程中,都会不断受到来自外部环境的 各种理化因素的影响。在多细胞动物,由于绝大多数细胞是生活在直接浸浴它们的细胞外液、即内环境之 中,因此出现在内环境中的各种化学分子,是它们最常能感受到的外来刺激:

下丘脑与神经垂体和腺垂体的联系非常密切,如视上核和室旁核的神经元轴突延伸终止于神经垂体,形 成下丘脑-垂体束。在下丘脑与腺垂体之间通过垂体门脉系统发生功能联系

引起视觉的外周感受器官是眼,它由含有感光细胞的视网膜和作为附属结构的折光系统等部分组成。人 眼的适宜刺激是波长370-740nm的电磁波:在这个可见光谱的范围内,人脑通过接受来自视网膜的传入 信息,可以分辨出视网膜像的不同亮度和色泽,因而可以看清视野内发光物体工反光物质的轮廓、形 状、颜色、大小、远近和表面细节等情况

一、体温 人和高等动物机体都具有一定的温度,这就是体温。体温是机体进行新陈代谢和正常生命活动的必要条件