How are molecular structures determined? One way is though the use of spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of energy with matter. When energy is applied to matter it can be absorbed, emitted, cause a chemical change, or be transmitted

There is a group of compounds in which carbon forms only two bonds. These neutral divalent carbon compounds are called carbenes. Most carbenes are highly unstable compounds that are capable of only fleeting existence. Soon after carbenes are formed they usually react with another molecule

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrically substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms and that the X group adds to the carbon having more alkyl substituents. Markovnikov’s rule can be restated by saying that, in the addition of HX to an alkene, the more stable carbocation intermediate is formed

Carbonyl compounds are a broad group of compounds that includes aldehydes, ketones,carboxylic acids, and esters

1. The experimental conditions — temperature and acid concentration — that are required to being about dehydration are closely related to the structure of the individual alcohol. The relative ease with which alcohols undergo dehydration is in the following order:

主要掌握的内容 1.相对挥发度定义; 2.理想溶液的相平衡方程; 3.物料衡算式; 4.三条操作线方程; 5.热状态参数的确定; 6.回流比与最小回流比的计算 7.理论塔板数计算,图解法,逐板计算法,捷 算法

SN2 reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis because they enable use to convert one functional group into another —— functional group transformation (functional group interconversion)

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

The C—X bond of alkyl halides is polarized. The carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, The halogen atom a partial negative charge