Why one needs statistics for describing physical phenomena? Any measurable macroscopic property is an average over a very huge number of microscopic configurations. Time scale of thermal fluctuations and basic relaxations~fs(femto second, 10-15 second). During the time interval necessary for realizing a measurement, a macroscopic system undergoes the change of its microscopic configuration for many many times!
Forces on a Wire Carrying a Current in a Magnetic Field Magnetic Pressure Magnetic Energy Denisity Magnetic Forces btwn Two Electric Currents Magnetic Forces Within an Isolated Circuit
Experiments show that a charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences a force F=Q(v×B) Q-the charge of the particle, v-the velocity of the particle(vector), B-the magnetic field. there is also an electric field, the force acting on the particle is F=Q(E+v×B)
The vast majority of games of interest in economics, finance, political economy etc. involve some form of payoff uncertainty. A simple but interesting example is provided by auctions: an object is offered for sale, and individuals are required to submit their bids in sealed envelopes. The object is then allocated to the highest bidder at a price which depends on every bid, according to some prespecified rule (e.g. \first-price\ or \second-price\rule). In many circumstances (e.g. mineral rights auctions)it is reasonable to assume that the value
Extend Proposition 151.1 (the Perfect Folk Theorem with discounting) to arbitrary mixtures of payoff profiles of the original game G =(, (A Ui) ) Allow for both rational and real weights on the set of profiles {u(a): a E A}; note that the statement of the result will involve an approximation of the payoff profile
Groups bonded by only a sigma bond can undergo rotation about that bond with respect to each other. The temporary molecular shapes that result from rotation of groups about single bonds are called conformations of a molecule. each possible structure is called a conformer. An analysis of the ener changes associated with a molecule undergoing rotation about single bonds is called conformational analysis
微观经济学的形成 市场需求理论的现代理论是以 Alfred Marshall(1842- 1924)建立的体系为依据的,他的代表作是1890年的 Principles of Economics《经济学原理》, 古典学派的创始人是 Adam Smith(1723-1790):他 的代表作是 An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》
