General Consideration Antenatal cardiovascular changes Blood volume increase by 40%-60%0 Peaking at 32-34 weeks the expansion in plasma volume is greater than that expansion of red cell mass Cardiac output Increase by 40%6-50% Peaking at 20-24 weeks

一、定义分娩及产褥期生殖道受病原体感染,引起的局部或全身的炎症变化 二、产褥病率 puerperal morbidity):分娩24小时后的10天内,用口表每日测量体温4次,2次大于等于38度

1. Different periods of Female Neonatal period:≤4 weeks childhood: 4 weeks to age of 12 adolescence: menarche age of 12-17 sexual maturity: begain 18. maintains for 30 years Operi-menopausal period: begain 40, maintains for 10-20 years pre-menopause, menopause (last time of menorrhae post-menopause

女性生殖系统解剖 第一节骨盆 (一)骨盆的组成 1.骨盆的骨骼 2.骨盆的关节 3.骨盆的韧带

Cerebral vascular Disease Definition of term: The term cerebrovascular disease designates any abnormality of the brain resulting from a pathologic process of the blood vessels. Sudden loss of neurological function is the hallmark of cerebrovascula disease. Cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause

Incidence and Prevalence: Increase significantly Range from 1~50% General population: 1~2% Infertile women: 30~50% Occurs primarily in women in 25~45s

A prolapse is a downward or forward displacement of one of the pelvic organs from its normal location. *A variety of terms are used to describe female genital prolapse. *A cystocele is a downward displacement of the bladder. *A cystourethrocele is a cystocele that imcludes the urethra as part of the prolapsing organ complex

病因 一、遗传基因缺陷 二、环境因素 三、母体因素 四、胎盘内分泌功能不足 五、免疫因素

外阴及阴道的自然防御功能 两侧大阴唇自然合拢,遮掩阴道口、尿道口 由于盆底肌的作用,阴道口闭合,阴道前后壁紧 贴,可以防止外界的污染。经产妇的阴道松弛, 这种防御功能较差 ·阴道自净作用阴道上皮在卵巢分泌的雌激素影 响下增生变厚,增加对病原体侵人的抵抗力,同 时上皮细胞中含有丰富糖原,在乳杆菌(优势菌) 作用下分解为乳酸,维持阴道正常的酸性环境 (pH≤4.5,多在3.8~4.4),使适应于弱碱性环境 中繁殖的病原体受到抑制

At the beginning of the 20th century diabetic women suffered from- infetility, and the rare women achieving pregnancy faced a poor prognosis. Maternal death'was a real threat,and perinatal survival a more 40 percent