General aspects – Remember definition: organisms frequently found on or within body of healthy individuals – Most are bacteria, but some are viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Microbial pathogenesis—process of causing disease Colonization—presence of microbes at site of body – Does not imply tissue damage or disease symptoms – Does imply invasion of site and multiplication

1. Components: ---small gland or endocrine cell: islet of pancreas and corpus luteum ---endocrine gland: Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland(hypophysis) Pineal body

Review of Vowels Three factors for the description of English vowels I. The height of the body of the tongue – highest point of tongue (vertical axis); II. The front-back position of the tongue – highest point of tongue (horizontal axis); III. The degree of lip rounding - lip posture

TISSUE Tissue is a biological structure made up of cells of the same type. - Cells of the same phenotype(e., same genes expressed). An aggregation of morphologically similar cells and associated extracellular matrix acting together to perform one or more specific functions in the body. - There are four basic types of tissue: muscle, nerve, epithelia, and connective. An organ is a structure made up of or more tissues

Images removed due to copyright considerations See Fig. 2 in David J. Katzmann, Greg Odorizzi Scott D. Emr RECEPTOR DOWNREGULATION AND MULTIVESICULAR-BODY SORTING Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3, 893-905(2002); doi: 10.1038/nrm973 See Fig. 7 in: Katzmann DJ, Stefan CJ, Babst M, Emr SD

Static stability is all about the initial tendency of a body to return to its equilibrium state after being disturbed To have a statically stable equilibrium point, the vehicle must develop a restoring force/ moment to bring it back to the eq. condition Later on we will also deal with dynamic stability, which is concerned with the time history of the motion after the disturbance

Palpation and percussion usually follow inspection in the examination of the other body systems a Following inspection, the examiner should perform auscultation of the abdomen

Physical examination It is the process of examining the patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems The goal of the physical examination is to obtain valid information concerning the health of the patient The examiner must be able to identify, analyze

Golden rice: two European scientists created a new strain of rice enriched in B-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A. This is a kind of transgenic plant(转基因植物)