Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde
An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic form (either a racemate or a racemic mixture). A racemic form shows no rotation of planepolarized light
Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
Chapter 1: Plasmids and Their Usefulness in Molecular Cloning Chapter 2: Bacteriophage and Its Vectors Chapter 3: Working with Bacteriophage M13 Vectors Chapter 4: Working with High-Capacity Vectors Chapter 5: Gel Electrophoresis of DNA and Pulsed-Field Agarose Chapter 6: Preparation and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genomic DNA Chapter 7: Extraction, Purification, and Analysis of mRNA from Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 8: In Vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Chapter 9: Preparation of Radiolabeled DNA and RNA Probes Chapter 10: Working with Synthetic Oligonucleotide Probes Chapter 11: Preparation of cDNA Libraries and Gene Identification Chapter 12: DNA Sequencing Chapter 13: Mutagenesis Chapter 14: Screening Expression Libraries Chapter 15: Expression of Cloned Genes in Escherichia coli Chapter 16: Introducing Cloned Genes into Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 17: Analysis of Gene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 18: Protein Interaction Technologies
