Noise is additional\unwanted \signal that interferes with the transmitted signal Generated by electronic devices The noise is a random process Each\sample \ of n(tis a random variable Typically, the noise process is modeled as\Additive White Gaussian noise”(AWGN) White: Flat frequency spectrur Gaussian noise distribution

The signal suffers an attenuation loss l Received power PR= PT/L Received snr=E,/No, Eb=Pr/Rb Antennas are used to compensate for attenuation loss Capture as much of the signal as possible

Sampling Sampling provides a discrete-time representation of a continuous waveform Sample points are real-valued numbers In order to transmit over a digital system we must first convert into discrete valued numbers

Information content of a random variable Random variable x Outcome of a random experiment Discrete R V takes on values from a finite set of possible outcomes PMF: P(X=y)=Py) How much information is contained in the event X=y? Will the sun rise today Revealing the outcome of this experiment provides no information Will the Celtics win the NBa championship? Since this is unlikely, revealing yes provides more information than revealing Events that are less likely contain more information than likely events

Final exam Very good performance overall Essays were particularly good ·Mean-88.5%0 Standard deviation -5.7%

Objectives Review the format and expectations for the final exam Review material needed to succeed on the final exam Set the material from the course in the context of the product realization process Answer questions

Term Project Final presentation Isual aids available on-campus Computer projection Document camera

Plan for the session Q Questions Complete some random topics Lecture on design of dynamic systems (Signal/Response Systems Recitation on hw#5? 16.881

Standard Orthogonal Arrays Maximum Maximum Number of Colum Orthogonal Number of Number of

Failure modes Noises lead to failure modes(Fm) One set of noise values leads to fm Opposite set of noise values leads to FM Simple problem solving chases the problem from Fm, to Fm, and back again but does not avoid both fms with the same set of design values-endless cycles of build/test/fIx(B/T/F) C Don Clausing 1998 6.881