Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer Surplus The Efficiency of a Competitive Market Minimum Prices

Perfectly Competitive Markets Profit Maximization Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization Choosing output in the Short--run

The Technology of Production Isoquants Production with One Variable Input (Labor) Production with Two Variable Inputs Returns to Scale

Individual Demand Income and Substitution Effects Market Demand Consumer Surplus

Supply and Demand The Market Mechanism Changes in Market Equilibrium Elasticities of Supply and Demand Short-Run Versus Long-Run Elasticities

General Equilibrium Analysis Efficiency in Exchange Equity and Efficiency Efficiency in Production

Topics to be Discussed Competitive Factor Markets Equilibrium in a Competitive Factor Market Factor Markets with Monopsony Power Factor Markets with Monopoly Power

Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Price Competition Competition Versus Collusion:he Prisoners' Dilemma

Monopoly Monopoly Power Sources of Monopoly Power The Social Costs of Monopoly Power

一、德布罗意波 历史 德布罗意假设:不仅光具有波粒二象性,一切实物粒子如电 子、原子、分子都具有波粒二象性。 他提出:一个质量为m,速度为v的粒子具有波动性,只有 一个波长为λ,频率为v的波与之相对应,各量的关系为: