教学目标或要求：了解电环化反应，环加成反应， σ迁移反应。重点掌握周环反应的理论及有关反应机理

教学目标或要求：了解醛和酮的分类，命名及同分异构现象。了解醛酮亲核加成反应历程及其制备方法。重点掌握亲核加成反应的反应历程

Chapter 6 Ionic Reactions--- Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkylhalides (卤代烃的亲核取代反 Because halogen atoms are more electronegative 应和消除反应） than carbon, the carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarized; the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, the halogen atom a partial negative charge

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

The important of acid-base reaction: 1. is a simple, fundamental reaction. 2. enable you to see the mechanism of the reaction 3. illustrate the process of bond breaking and bond making 4. examine important ideas about the relationship between the structure of molecules and their reactivity

Of the three groups of biopolymers, protein have the most diverse function. Most of its molecular weights are much larger. Their shaps cover a range from the globular protein to the helical coils of a α–keratin. But all proteins have common features. Proteins are polyamides and their monomeric units are about 20 different α-amino acids

In common nomenclature most primary amines are named as alkylamines. In systematic nomenclature they are named by adding the suffix –amine to the name of the chain or ring system to which the NH2 group is attached with elision of the final e Primary Amines;

18.1 Introduction The carboxyl group, -COOH, -CO2H, is one of the most widely occurring functional groups in chemistry and biochemistry. Not only are carboxylic acids themselves important, but the carboxyl group is the parent group of a large family of related compounds

一、矿物质营养元素的分类 构成生物体的元素已知有 50 多种，除去 C、H、O、N 四种构成水分和有机物质的元素以外，其他元 素统称为矿物质成分。标准人体的化学组成如表 20-l。其他元素还有锗、钨、硒、溴、汞、硅、氟等也被 发现在各种生物体中。在人和动物体内，矿物质总量不超过体重的 4%～5%，但却是人和动物体不可缺少 的成分

人体是一个完整而不可分割的有机整体，其结构和功能的基本单位是细胞。细胞之间存在一些不具细胞形 态的物质，称为细胞间质。许多形态和功能相似的细胞与细胞间质共同构成组织而行使特定的生理功能。人体 组织是构成人体各器官和系统的基础，分为上皮组织、结缔组织、肌组织和神经组织四种基本组织。由几种组 织互相结合，成为具有一定形态和功能的结构，称为器官，如胃、肝、肺、肾等。在结构和功能上密切相关的