24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger November 7, 2001 Freewill IlI: Libertarianism I. Recap: Compatibilism v. Incompatibilism Hard determinism is the view that determinis is true and that because of this freedom is an illusion. The libertarian agrees with the hard determinist that freewill is incompatible with determinism, but disagrees about which claim should be rejected. The libertarian holds that we have free will, but this is only because determinism is false-free acts occur and are undetermined. The hard determinist and the libertarian are both incompatibilists. Soft determinism, also known as compatibilism, maintains that determinism is true, but also that determinism is

October 22, 2001 Personal IdentityⅢ . Review soul criterion and body criterion Soul criterion: x is the same person as y iff and y have the same soul. Problems: i)There is no way to establish body-soul correlations; and no way to establish personality correlations. So soul criterion doesn't make sense of our practices of recognizing and identifying people ii)We have no special access to souls, so even in our own case we can't be sure it's the same soul \inside\ us whenever we are conscious. ii) The problem of identity is \pushed back\: what is it for person-stage x to have the same soul as person-stage y? What makes for sameness of souls? Body criterion: x is the same person as y iff x and y have the same living human body

al Identity ll Problem of synchronic identity for persons: under what conditions are two simultaneous person-events events in the life of the same person? Problem of diachronic identity for persons under what conditions are two person-stages stages in the life of a single person. In particular, what makes a particular person-stage a continuation of me as I am right now? Background desiderata: an account of personal identity should allow for the possibility of anticipation and memory, i.e., of individual psychological connections between different person stages. It should also allow us to justify our practices of

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)

September 12, 2001 The Problem of Evil Last time we considered the ontological argument for the existence of God. If the argument is cogent, then we have reason to be rational theists, i.e., to maintain that there are justifying reasons for belief in God's existence. Today we're going to consider an argument for atheism which purports to show that theism is incoherent, i.e., that theism entails a contradiction. If the argument works, then the only option available to the theist would be irrational theism: belief in God's existence in spite of justifying reasons supporting

案例16“沃尔玛”降低运输成本的学问 沃尔玛公司是世界上最大的商业零售企业,在物流运营过程中,尽可能地降低成本是 其经营的哲学。 沃尔玛有时采用空运,有时采用船运,还有一些货物采用卡车公路运输在中国,沃 尔玛百分之百地采用公路运输,所以如何降低卡车运输成本,是沃尔玛物流管理面临的一 个重要问题,为此他们主要采取了以下措施:

我们的这门科学第一卷研究了自然美和艺术美的普遍概 念和实际情况:即真正的美和真正的艺术,亦即理想处在它 的各种基本定性尚未展现时的统一体,还不涉及它的具体内 容和各种表现方式。 第二卷讨论了艺术美的这种本身尚未分化的混整的统 体如何展现为几种艺术类型的整体,确定了这些艺术类型的 定性,这同时就是内容的定性

序论 1.古典建筑的庙宇要有一个神住在里面,于是雕刻就把 具有造形艺术美的神放在庙里,供雕神所用的材料获得在本 质上并非外在于精神的形式,亦即既定内容本身所固有的形 像。但是雕刻形像的躯体和感性外貌以及观念性的普遍理想 既不宜于表现主体内心生活,又不宜于刻划个别事物的特殊 面貌,因此就必须有能运用这两方面因素的新型艺术,才能 体现宗教生活和世俗生活的内容意蕴这种既能表达内心生 活又能刻划个别事物特征的表现方式按照造形艺术的原则 来说,就要由绘画提供,因为绘画把形像的实在外表转化成 为观念性较强的颜色现象,而且把内在心灵当作描绘的中心

第一章 管理伦理学的研究对象及相关性问题 第二章 管理伦理学的理论前提——人性问题 第三章 管理的伦理性质与伦理的管理本质 第四章 中国企业的伦理精神 第五章 企业管理中的伦理关系 第六章 企业经济活动中的伦理道德问题分析 第七章 企业管理中的个体道德要求 第八章 企业的伦理道德建设