1. Variability and Gene (or Allelic) Frequencies 2. The Hardy-Weinberg Law 3. Factors that Affect Stability of Gene Frequencies

1. Mitochondrial DNA 2. mtDNA replication 3. Mitochondrial Inheritance

1. REGRESSION TO THE MEAN 2. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE 3. THE MULTIFACTORIAL MODEL 4. THRESHOLD MODEL OF DISEASE 5. SEVERITY OF DISEASE AND RECURRENCE RISK 6. MULTIPLE AFFECTED OFFSPRING AND 7. CONSANGUINITY 8. HALLMARKS OF MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE

1. Pedigree and Proband 2. autosomal dominant inheritance 3. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 4. X-LINKED DOMINANT INHERITANCE 5. X-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 6. Y-linked 7. SPECIAL FEATURES

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways 2. Somatic versus germline mutations 3. Types of mutation effects

1. Mutagens or Mutagenic Agents 2. Mechanism of Mutation 3. Result of mutation 4.functional effects of the change. 5.Genetic Effects of mutation 6. Repair of Mutation

1. Gene Chemistry 2. Gene Structure 3. DNA replication 4. Gene Expression

一、了解耳鼻咽喉一头颈外科的研究范畴 二、掌握耳鼻咽喉一头颈外科任意5个研究热点方向

Introduction Genetic Defects Neural Tube Defect Mouth/facial defects Limb defects Congenital Heart Defects Summary

1. What is gene therapy? 2. How does gene therapy work? 3. The current status of gene therapy research 4. Factors kept gene therapy effective 5. Some recent developments 6. Some of the ethical considerations