A1 Prokaryotes A2 Eukaryotes A3 Microscopy A4 Cellular fractionation

28.1 Introduction 28.2 Transforming viruses carry oncogenes 28.3 Early genes of DNA transforming viruses have multifunction oncogenes 28.4 Retroviruses activate or incorporate cellular genes 28.5 Retroviral oncogenes have cellular counterparts 28.6 Ras oncogenes can be detected in a transfection assay 28.7 Ras proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation at specific positions 28.8 Nondefective retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes 28.9 Proto-oncogenes can be activated by translocation 28.10 The Philadelphia translocation generates a new oncogene 28.11 Oncogenes code for components of signal transduction cascades 28.12 Growth factor receptor kinases can be mutated to oncogenes 28.13 Src is the prototype for the proto-oncogenic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases 28.14 Oncoproteins may regulate gene expression 28.15 RB is a tumor suppressor that controls the cell cycle 28.16 Tumor suppressor p53 suppresses growth or triggers apoptosis

1. M. F. Egan, M. Kojima, J. H. Callicott, T. E. Goldberg, B. S. Kolachana, E. Zaistev, A. Bertolino, B. Gold, D. Goldman, M. Dean, B. Lu, (co-corresponding author) and D. R. Weinberger. (2003) The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 112, 257-269

1. 由体内外因素触发细胞内预存的死亡程序而导致的细胞死亡过程称为细胞凋亡（apoptosis), 又称程序性死亡（programmed cell death,PCD); 2. 来源于古希腊语“απόπτόσισ”—“falling off of petals from flower” or “of leaves from a tree in autumn”; 3. 1972年John Kerr提出这一不同与坏死新概念

“细胞周期”（cell cycle）又称“细胞分裂 周期” ，是指一个细胞经生长、分裂形成两 个细胞所经历的全过程，即细胞从一次分裂 结束到下一次分裂结束所经历的全过程

Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information should be included in your answer, as necessary. 1. Yeast artificial chromosome 2. RNA interference 3. Proteomics

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

山东大学：《口腔组织病理学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）第十六章 唾液腺疾病_唾液腺上皮恶性肿瘤——腺泡细胞癌 Acinic cell carcinoma

山东大学：《口腔组织病理学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）第十八章 牙源性肿瘤和瘤样病变 Odontogenic tumor and tumor-like lesions_混合性牙源性肿瘤——牙本质生成性影细胞瘤 Dentinogenic ghost cell tumour