1. Mitochondrial DNA 2. mtDNA replication 3. Mitochondrial Inheritance

1. REGRESSION TO THE MEAN 2. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE 3. THE MULTIFACTORIAL MODEL 4. THRESHOLD MODEL OF DISEASE 5. SEVERITY OF DISEASE AND RECURRENCE RISK 6. MULTIPLE AFFECTED OFFSPRING AND 7. CONSANGUINITY 8. HALLMARKS OF MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE

1. Pedigree and Proband 2. autosomal dominant inheritance 3. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 4. X-LINKED DOMINANT INHERITANCE 5. X-LINKED RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 6. Y-linked 7. SPECIAL FEATURES

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways 2. Somatic versus germline mutations 3. Types of mutation effects

1. Mutagens or Mutagenic Agents 2. Mechanism of Mutation 3. Result of mutation 4.functional effects of the change. 5.Genetic Effects of mutation 6. Repair of Mutation

1. Gene Chemistry 2. Gene Structure 3. DNA replication 4. Gene Expression

一、气管、支气管的应用解剖 喉larynx:是呼吸的重要通道,下呼吸道的门户,上通喉咽,下连气管, 由软骨、肌肉、韧带、纤维结缔组织和黏膜等构成。喉软骨支架的枃 成:甲状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨、勺状软骨、小角软骨和楔状软 骨。喉部肌肉分喉内肌和喉外肌,后者主要与声带活动有关,按功能 分五组:声带外展肌、内收肌、紧张肌、松弛肌和会厌活动的肌肉

Introduction Genetic Defects Neural Tube Defect Mouth/facial defects Limb defects Congenital Heart Defects Summary

1. What is gene therapy? 2. How does gene therapy work? 3. The current status of gene therapy research 4. Factors kept gene therapy effective 5. Some recent developments 6. Some of the ethical considerations

1. Genetic Counselors 2. Who Should See One 3. What to Expect During a Visit 4. After Counseling