Brittle deformation = the permanent change that occurs in a solid material due to the growth of fractures and/or sliding on fractures. A fracture is a surface of discontinuity (includes cracks, joints and faults). Faults result from shear stresses, and joints result from tensile stresses:

what you always wanted to know about folds, faults, and joints Stress = the force applied to a plane divided by the area of the plane

The change in volume or shape of an object that results from stress is called strain. The response of rocks to stress can be divided into - elastic response: rock returns to original shape - ductile or plastic response: permanent deformation without fracture; occurs above the so-called elastic limit

一、名词解释（20 分，每小题 2 分） 1. 递进变形：从初始状态至最终状态之间，岩石变形的全过程，用于理解和描述变形 过程（演化）。）

一、名词解释 1.地质构造一指组成地壳的岩层或岩体在内外动力地质作用下发生变形和 变位,如褶皱、节理、断层、劈理以及各种线理和面理构造等

1. Interpret the geologic history of the Grand Canyon using the diagram below. List the events in order from the oldest (at the bottom of the page) to the youngest(at the top of the page). For each event describe the principle or observation you used

1. Place all books and notes on the floor. 2. Read each question carefully, then read it again

1. Compare Stearns' Type 1 fracture pattern to the okl and the hk0 joints from the class notes and from the text. Draw a diagram and discuss the nature and occurrence of the fracture(s)

October 4, 2000 1. Remember that there is a lab exam today. a. Have you studied? b. Did you remember to bring all of your old labs and lab supplies?

一、节理的分类 二、节理的分期和配套 三、不同地质背景上发育的节理 四、节理的野外观察 五、节理测量资料的整理