What is Ecology Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and the environment; Organisms |Ecology Environment

本课程较为全面，系统地阐述基因工程的基本理论和基本概念，并力求反映该学科的最新进展。基因工程是生物学科中的高级课程，主要针对高年级本科生开设。学生在此之前需要掌握普通生物学、遗传学、生物化学、分子生物学等方面的专业知识，以及分析化学、有机化学、无机化学、大学物理等方面的基本知识

Important Persons in Microbiology History 1684 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (discovery of bacteria) 1857-1864 Louis Pasteur (lactic acid fermentation, yeast alcohol fermentation, spontaneous generation theory “swan neck flasks”) 1881-1884 Robert Koch (pure culture, cause of tuberculosis, Koch’s postulates, cause of (霍乱) cholera）

一、微生物的纯培养技术。 1、 分离菌种： 2、 培养：移接至斜面

代谢（metabolism）： 细胞内发生的各种化学反应的总称 代谢 分解代谢(catabolism) 合成代谢(anabolism)

Microbial pathogenesis—process of causing disease Colonization—presence of microbes at site of body – Does not imply tissue damage or disease symptoms – Does imply invasion of site and multiplication

Constitutive Defenses Barriers to entry – See Schaechter text, Table 6.1 Mucous membranes—covered by protective layer of mucus – Mechanical and chemical barrier that allows proper functioning

Overall Strategies Defense against complement Subversion of phagocytosis Subversion of immune responses

Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with N￾formylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis

Operon fusion: transcriptional – Promoter from foreign gene – Translational sequence from reporter gene