12.1 Introduction Systems that have a p orbital on an atom adjacent to a double bond---molecules with delocalized pi￾bonds– are called conjugated unsaturated systems

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

Compounds having two carbonyl groups separated by an intervening carbon are called β-dicarbonyl compunds, and these compounds are highly versatile reagents for organic synthesis

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF PHENOLS Phenol: Compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring For example:

第一节 醇 第二节 消除反应 第三节 酚 第四节 醚

5.1 Isomerism: Constitutionalisomers and Stereoisomers 5.2 Enantiomers and chiral