1. General 2. Forms of Birth Defects 3.The cause of birth defects 4. When a baby most vulnerable 5. How detected in advance 6. Spina Bifida 7. Congenital heart defects

1. General 2. oncogene 3. Tumor Suppressor Genes 4. Multi-stage Carcinogenesis

1. General 2. Etiology 3. Symptoms and Signs 4. Diagnosis

1. Down syndrome 2. Trisomy 18 3. Patau syndrome 4. cri du cat syndrome 5. Klinefelter syndrome 6. Turner syndrome

1. Biochemical & Genetic abnormalities 2. The Symptoms of Mitochondrial Disease 3. LHON 4. MERRF 5. MELAS 6. Kearns-Sayre Syndrome 7.Mitochondrial Disease Treatment 8. The Prognosis 9. Future Goals

1. schizophrenia , SP 2. diabetes mellitus 3. bronchial asthma

2. Inborn Errors of Metabolism Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot turn food into energy (metabolize food) normally. The disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down food components

1. molecular disease 2. inborn errors of metabolism

1. factors inducing chromosome aberration 2. chromosomal aberrations

1. chromatin 2.Chomosome 3. Sex chromosome and sex-determination 4. chromosomal polymorphism 5. An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature