Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition involving a variety of cells including eosinophils, mast cells, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells of the airway, as well as cellular elements， which gives rise to the increase of airway hyper-reactivity. Extensive changeable and reversible ventilation restriction is common and can cause recurrent tachypnea, feeling of out of breath, and coughing

Overview Definition : Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which the amount of bone is decreased and the structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner. This makes the bone weaker and more likely to fracture

（一）熟悉骨质疏松症的概念、分型及发病机制 （二）掌握骨质疏松症的诊断、防治及药物治疗 （三）了解骨质疏松症的流行病学与病因学

HEART FAILURE – the pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissues or can do so only from an elevated filling pressure. – Usually caused by a defect in myocardial contraction (myocardial failure)

General Considerations Disorders of hemostasis defects in platelet number or function problems in fibrin clot (coagulation) Bleeding due to platelet disorders is typically mucosal or dermatologic include epistaxis, gum bleeding, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, purpura, and petechiae

一、诊所血压：标准测量方式。方便，常用 二、24小时动态血压：使用国际标准的装置 三、考虑：诊所血压变化大；与自测血压相差明显；低危者；疑有治疗抵抗；研究需要

General Considerations Disorders of hemostasis defects in platelet number or function problems in fibrin clot (coagulation) Bleeding due to platelet disorders is typically mucosal or dermatologic include epistaxis, gum bleeding, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding, purpura, and petechiae

Summarization Definition: serum total bilirubin (STB) > 34µmol/L, causing a yellow color of skin, sclera and tissue fluid Latent icterus: an increase of STB but not more than 34µmol/L, without color changes of skin and sclera False jaundice: yellow skin and sclera but without hyperbilirubinemia, due to ingestion of some drugs and foods

描述性统计分析是统计分析的第一步，做好这第一步是下面进行正确统计推断的 先决条件。SPSS 的许多模块均可完成描述性分析，但专门为该目的而设计的几 个模块则集中在 Descriptive Statistics 菜单中，最常用的是列在最前面的四 个过程：Frequencies 过程的特色是产生频数表；Descriptives 过程则进行一般 性的统计描述；

病因 一、风心病 单纯主动脉瓣狭窄极少见，多合并主动脉瓣关闭不全和二尖瓣病变 二、先天性畸形 单叶、二叶、三叶（大小不一） 三、退行性老年钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄 65岁以上单纯性主动脉瓣狭窄常见原因 四、其他少见原因 赘生物阻塞瓣口