The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. RLi and RMgX are of great importance in organic synthesis

11.15A Ethers by Intermolecular Dehydration of Alcohols

Alcohols are compounds whose molecules have a hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom

Many other pairs of reagents that form cabocations (orcarbocationlike species) may be used as well

No addition of bromine No oxidation No hydroation Slow addition at high temperature and pressure

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

17.7 Lithium Enolates 17.8 α-Selenation: A Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 17.9 Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones

21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

Substitution reactions occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products. In a substitution, one replaces another

Infrared Spectroscopy: An Instrumental Method for detecting Functional Groups