General Aspects Ecology – Found throughout the environment Very simple nutritional requirements – Not usually in normal flora unless hospitalized or immunocompromised

Diversity of species Ecology – Found worldwide in soil, water, vegetation, and microbial flora of animals and humans – Some are always associated with disease

Comparison of Meningococcus and Gonococcus Pathobiology Similarities: – Both diploccocci – Share about 80% DNA – Neither makes exotoxin; both make endotoxin – Both are relatively good colonizers

Staphylococci Important human pathogen – Causes both relatively minor and serious diseases One of the hardiest of the non￾sporeforming bacteria – Can exist on dry surfaces for a long period – Relatively heat-resistant; temperature range

Production of Ab and Activation of Macrophages and Cytotoxic T Cells T-Dependent T-Independent

Definition – Soluble substances that alter normal metabolism of host cells with deleterious effects on the host Host range – Known for bacteria, but possible that they play a role in diseases caused by fungi

Introduction 1生理学研宄对象及任务 2生命的基本特征 3机体与环境 4生理功能的调节

《动物生理学》讲稿_人体生理学图

《普通遗传学》课程电子教案（PPT教学课件）第九章 基因工程和基因组学

细胞生物学_细胞质基质多媒体