一、路面管理系统的基本概念 路面管理系统的概念于70年代最早起源于加拿大的路面养护管理工作。70年代以来美 国、西欧、日本以及一些发展中国家和地区也根据各自的实际情况相继开发和实施了路面管 理系统。我国对路面管理系统的研究开始于80年代中期。“七·无“和“八无“期间,许 多单位对路面管理系统进行了较广泛的研究和推广应用工作

一、了解腧穴的概念和分类。 二、熟悉头面部常用腧穴的应用和操作 三、掌握头面部常用腧穴的定位和功效

GPS (Global Positioning System 即全球定位系统,是由美国建立的一个卫 星导航 定位系统,利用该系统,用户可以在全球 范围内实现全天候、连续、实时的三维导 航定位和测速;另外,利用该系统,用户 还能够进行高精度的时间传递和高精度的 精密定位

Thus far, we have concentrated on the bending of shell beams. However, in the general case a beam is subjected to axial load. F · bending moments,M · shear forces,S torque(torsional moments)

Have dealt, thus far, with perfect columns, loading eccentricities, and beam-columns. There are, however, many more issues in buckling/(static) structural instability, most of which will try to touch on a) Buckling versus Fracture Have looked at columns that are long enough such that they buckle

Thus far have considered separately beam - takes bending loads column -takes axial loads Now combine the two and look at the beam-column (Note: same geometrical restrictions as on others

We have looked at basic in-plane loading. Lets now consider a second\building block of types of loading: basic torsion There are 3 basic types of behavior depending on the type of cross-section

We have thus far looked at In-plane loads torsional loads In addition, structures can carry loads by bending. The 2-D case is a plate, the simple 1-d case is a beam. Let's first review what you learned in Unified as Simple Beam Theory

Previously saw (in Unit 19)that a multi degree-of-freedom system has the same basic form of the governing equation as a single degree-of-freedom system The difference is that it is a matrix equation

Have considered the vibrational behavior of a discrete system. How does one use this for a continuous structure? First need the concept of..... Influence Coefficients