Information content of a random variable Random variable x Outcome of a random experiment Discrete R V takes on values from a finite set of possible outcomes PMF: P(X=y)=Py) How much information is contained in the event X=y? Will the sun rise today Revealing the outcome of this experiment provides no information Will the Celtics win the NBa championship? Since this is unlikely, revealing yes provides more information than revealing Events that are less likely contain more information than likely events
Channel Coding When transmitting over a noisy channel, some of the bits are received with errors Example: Binary Symmetric Channel (BSc) Pe= probability oferror Q: How can these errors be removed? A: Coding: the addition of redundant bits that help us determine what was sent with greater accuracy
Noise is additional\unwanted \signal that interferes with the transmitted signal Generated by electronic devices The noise is a random process Each\sample \ of n(tis a random variable Typically, the noise process is modeled as\Additive White Gaussian noise”(AWGN) White: Flat frequency spectrur Gaussian noise distribution
本章主要介绍计算机网络最高层：即应用层的有关概念及工作原理。讲述应用层是如何为各种应用进程提供服务的。通过本章的学习，读者应重点掌握和理解以下内容： l 掌握应用层的基本概念，理解应用层的功能与作用 l 掌握域名系统的组成与工作原理 l 掌握电子邮件的基本组成及工作原理 l 了解文件传输系统、远程终端系统的工作原理与使用方法 l 理解与掌握万维网的工作原理及网站的建立方法 l 理解网络管理的含义与功能
