基于华蓥山隧道掘进爆破过程中的声发射监测结果，对比了上升时间/振幅比值(RA)与平均频率(AF)在不同传播距离下的分布规律，结果表明，随传感器与震源间距离增加，RA最大值增加，AF的分布范围基本不变。为验证基于RA与AF值描述岩体破裂情况的有效性，研究了RA/AF比值r在破裂过程中的变化规律以及r的变异系数的发展规律，并与常用的参数指标绝对能量、b值等参数进行对比验证。本文提出了3种变异系数（CV）计算方法，对比计算结果并探讨了各方法的适用条件。由计算结果可知，r值变异系数能够较好地描述岩体中的破裂发展过程，其中CV1计算方法适用于声发射信号较离散的情况，而CV3的计算方法更适用于存在连续声发射信号的围岩监测

1. grasp the main idea( tolerance for solitude and energy made it possible for the writer s family to enjoy their pleasant but sometimes harsh country life.) 2. appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer comparison and contrast, topic sentences followed by detail sentences

Contents Teaching Objectives Background Information Text Organization Language Points

Pm Going to Buy the Brooklyn Bridge Teaching Objectives grasp the main idea(the belief in superwomen encourages average women to achieve their goals)and the structure of the text 2) appreciate how the author achieves coherence for her essay 3master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text

Contents Teaching Objectives Background Information Text Organization Language Points Discussion

Contents Teaching Objectives Background Information Text Organization Words and Expressions Grammatical Structures Discussion

1. understand the main idea (despite his wealth, Sam Walton remains down-home and devoted to his team) and the structure of the text; 2. appreciate the use of indirect description in portraying person: 3. grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text

Contents Teaching Objectives Background Information Text Organization Words and Expressions Grammatical Structures Questions

通过本课程的学习，使学生建立线性离散系统控制理论的基本概念，掌握线性离散系统分析和设计的一般规律。使学生能够利用脉冲传递函数对离散系统的稳定性、稳态误差、动态性能进行分析，实现对离散系统的设计。本课程还要求学生掌握非线性控制系统的基本内容，掌握非线性控制系统的特点，非线性特性的线性化，非线性特性对系统的影响，利用相平面法及描述函数法对非线性系统进行分析。本课程的学习将为后续课程的学习打好基础，也为学生以后从事实际工作和科研奠定一定的理论基础。教学重点、难点：1、线性离散系统控制理论的基本概念，信号的离散化与信号保持器，Z变换定理。2、闭环脉冲传递函数的求取，系统动、静态特性的分析。3、离散系统的设计（串联模拟校正，最少拍系统的设计）。4、非线性控制系统的特点，非线性特性的线性化，非线性特性对系统的影响。5、非线性系统的描述函数分析；6、相轨迹的绘制与分析。奇点及奇线的分析与确定，自激振荡存在性及自振参数的确定

Part 1 Objectives Part 2 Background Part 3 Text Organization Part 4 Language Study Part 5 Translation