The series combination of voltage sources: Several voltage sources in series may be replaced by an equivalent voltage source having a voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the individual sources

The ideal voltage source and a series resistance comprise a practical voltage source

We select one node as a reference node and then define a voltage between each remaining node and the reference node

Let us first define a linear element as passive element that has a linear voltage-current relationship

Equation is satisfied when=. The maximum power is=

UB =A(DA-UB) =cons tant The inverting OP-AMP circuit

Let=R3 and The result we have found for two /R =k, we have inputs may be extended to any v2=-k(v1+3) number of inputs

The displacement current flowing internally between the capacitor plates is exactly equal to the conduction current flowing in the capacitor leads

The inductance which is equivalent to several inductance connected in series is simply the sum of the series inductance

We define the unit-step forcing function as a function which is zero for all values of argument which are less than zero and which is unity(1) for all positive values of its argument