7.3 芳香烃的化学性质 Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.4 苯环上亲电取代的定位规律 Orientation of Reactions on Substituted Aromatic Rings

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic form (either a racemate or a racemic mixture). A racemic form shows no rotation of plane￾polarized light

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

4.1 卤代烃的分类 结构和命名 Classification, Structure, and Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides 4.2 卤代烃的物理性质 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides 4.3 卤代烃的化学性质 Chemical properties of Alkyl Halides

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile

激素是指由活细胞所分泌的对某些靶细胞有特殊激动作用的一类微量有机物质。 动物激素是指由动物腺体细胞和非腺体组织细胞所分泌的一切激素。由腺体细胞分泌的称腺体激 素，由非腺体组织细胞分泌的称组织激素。腺体激素中由无管腺(又称内分泌腺)分泌的激素称内分泌激 素

人体是一个完整而不可分割的有机整体，其结构和功能的基本单位是细胞。细胞之间存在一些不具细胞形 态的物质，称为细胞间质。许多形态和功能相似的细胞与细胞间质共同构成组织而行使特定的生理功能。人体 组织是构成人体各器官和系统的基础，分为上皮组织、结缔组织、肌组织和神经组织四种基本组织。由几种组 织互相结合，成为具有一定形态和功能的结构，称为器官，如胃、肝、肺、肾等。在结构和功能上密切相关的

绿色植物和某些微生物通过光合作用将 CO2 及水合成糖类，人类及其它生物则利用糖类作为重要的 碳源和能源，以供给机体生命活动的需要。糖代谢是指糖类在生物体内的合成和分解过程

脂肪酸是高等动、植物的重要能源。脂肪在动物脂肪组织、细胞中可大量储存。植物的种子和果实中 常储有大量脂肪。脂肪酸对正常膳食的人约提供所需全部能量的 40％。对于饥饿或冬眠动物以及候鸟迁移 时，脂肪酸则更是主要的能量来源