General Considerations Disorders of hemostasis defects in platelet number or function problems in fibrin clot(coagulation) Bleeding due to platelet disorders is typically mucosal or dermatologic include epistaxis, gum bleeding menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding purpura, and petechiae

Diagnosis of cardiac and respiratory arrest Traditional methods : 1. Carotid pulse check by lay rescuers 2. Loss of consciousness 3. Pupil dilation 4. Respiratory arrest

一、概述 二、历史源流 三、范围 四、诊断要点 五、辨证论治

Contents Normal anatomy,physiology and metabolism of the kidney Clinical manifestation of renal disease Diagnosis and treatment

Water and Sodium Metabolism Control of water excretion Control of sodium excretion Hyponatremia and hypernatremia

Classification Prerenal ARF Intrinsic renal ARF Postrenal ARF

Anemia of increased destruction Normochromic, normochromic anemia Shortened RBC survival Reticulocytosis--Response to increased RBC destruction Increased indirect bilirubin Increased LDH

Chronic Renal Insufficiency Pathogen and pathogenesis Manifestation Laboratory examination Diagnosis and differential diagnosis Treatment

Definition Absent iron-store hemoglobin synthesis↓ A microcytic and hypochromic anemia The most common nutritional anemia

Bone marrow hematopoiesis failure led by chemicals, radiation, biological factors and unknown etiology. The common clinical presentation is mild to severe pancytopenia