在教育科目日渐增多的时代,在研究者负荷很重的双肩上再放上一 种新学科,乍一看像是增加他的困难。但事实说明,人类学只会快捷地促使 研究负担的减轻,而不会加重。在山区可以见到,挑夫搬运重物时,除了这 些重物之外,还甘愿增加一条挑这些重物的扁担,因为他们发现,扁担的重 量可以用扁担挑运的极大方便作为更大的报偿,它既能担承货物,又能使挑 物平衡。关于人和文明的科学,也是这样的一种科学,它把日常教育的零散 科目合为一个便于掌握的整体。研究和学习时最大的困难在于,研究者不能 十分清楚地了解每一门科学或艺术因何而存在,它们在一系列生活需要中占 着怎样的地位

Welcome to the course, which is an introduction to cultural or sociocultural anthropology We will have two lectures and one discussion a week Most of the requirements (a final exam, series of six papers adding up to about twenty pages; at least an hour a week of discussion)is set by the MIT Humanities Distribution system

The culture concept is fundamental to anthropology Years ago, we used to have more trouble introducing the concept, because people tended to think of the other meaning of culture, i.e., high culture, esp. art, music, refinement

Ethnography 1. INTRO Originally people who studied cultures were amateurs who happened to either be particularly observant or who happened to travel a lot. Some of them did more or less what people did today. a. Ibn Khaldun was a famous Arab scholar who did observations of everyone, including the Vikings

Symbolism and Ritual It's a huge topic, it could cover a whole course 1. Two examples: a. Mariage ritual from the Kuna called\the dragging' i. Bride and groom would not choose each other, but their parents would arrange the marriage secretly. The groom's friends would traditionally surprise him and drag him down the street. (Now a days, they don't fight back so hard and they know ahead of time)

1. In Anthropology some insights have come from observing simpler societies and then applying what we learn to our own society a. There are some things in our society that we take for granted that are of very recent origin:

Anthropology of Science Food for thought Is there a culture of science? Who is in that culture? Is there more than one? o What are the boundaries of science 1. Anthropology of science Uses ethnographic method to study science

1. History and Anthropology a. Hutchinson emphasizes that her ethnography tries to encompass the history of the Nuer people b. Evans-Pritchard (Ep)on the other hand, tries only to capture the nuer at one moment in time

1.The Nuer a. Famous in anthropology long before Hutchinson's book i. The Nuer were pacified by the British colonial forces 1. After their pacification anthropologists could study them 2. Much of early anthropology was caught up in colonialism b. Studied by many, but there can't be a definitive book on their culture or any other

教师是人类灵魂的工程师? 像建筑学那样设计学习空间,像物理学那样设计设备,像社会学、人类学那样设计社会环境,像组织科 学那样设计教学管理方法,像心理学那样设计有效的学习条件。从这 个意义上说,教育技术就是教育工程