Scopes of Solid State Synthesis Solids: crystals, fibers, films, foams, ceramics, powders, nanoparticles, morphology Direct reaction Crystallization: solution, melt, glass, sol-gel

Non-linear optical properties Photoluminescence Optical Materials Non-linear optical materials play an important role in data transmission and storage

Characteristic of Superconductors Applications Important Superconductors What Is a Superconductor? A superconductor is an element, inter￾metallic alloy, or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature

Photoelectricity Semiconductors Historical Timelines Semiconductor Products are Proliferating

1. Bragg Equation 2. Single Crystal Diffraction 3. X-ray Powder Diffraction Crystal Structure Analysis

Functional Solid State Materials Electrical properties Optical properties Magnetic properties Mechanical properties “the secret for transmuting base metals into precious gold” Materials & History

Three Ways to Describe Crystal Structures Three Structural sketches of P4O10 molecules: (a)Stick-ball model：showing that the P-O chemical bond is the tetrahedral coordination and sp3 covalent bonds

Characteristics of Solids Bonding Electrons in Solids Band Theory Defects Semiconductor Classification of Solids There are several forms solid state materials can adapt

determine whether an application is possible No matter how good the electric, magnetic, chemical or other properties are, a material is of no use if it does not fulfill mechanical requirements hardness compressive & tensile strength

一 海水的化学成分 海水是含有多种溶解固体和气体的水溶液，其中 水约占96.5％，其他物质占3.5％。海水中还有少量 有机和无机悬浮固体物质。氢和氧是海水中最主要 的化学成分。化学元素周期表上的天然元素，在海 水中已发现约80 种，但是，这些元素的含量差别很 大。通常把每升海水中含100 毫克以上的元素，叫 常量元素，不足100 毫克的叫微量元素。现在，所 有的常量元素都已经过精确的测定，微量元素经过 测定的也达到40 余种