More reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution NO2 An deactivating group Less reactive than benzene toward electrophilic substitution Ortho-para director Meta director

The most characteristic reactions of benzenoid arenes are the substitution reactions that occur when they react with electrophilic reagents. The electrophiles are either a positive ion (E+) or some other electron-deficient species with a large partial positive charge

No addition of bromine No oxidation No hydroation Slow addition at high temperature and pressure

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

Acid-Catalyzed hydration of Alkenes Oxymercuration-Demeruration Hydroboration-Oxidation

11.15A Ethers by Intermolecular Dehydration of Alcohols

Alcohols are compounds whose molecules have a hydroxyl group attached to a saturated carbon atom

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction

厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）第九章 醛和酮 9.3.4 α -活泼氢的反应 LDA Lithium diisopropylamide 二异丙氨基