1、美国等发达国家一般根据金融中介机构的负债与资产将其 分为三类。第一类为存款型金融机构,包括商业银行、储蓄银 行、信用社等;第二类为契约型储蓄机构,主要包括保险公司 (人寿保险公司和财产、意外灾害保险公司)以及养老基金 ;第三类为投资型金融机构,主要包括金融公司、(资本市场 )共同基金和货币市场共同基金

1、20世纪70年代以前,投资银行经历了漫长的产生和早期发 展过程。1929年以前是投资银行产生及持续发展的阶段; 19291933是投资银行膨胀及动荡的阶段。大量的商业银行 和投资银行倒闭;1933年《格拉斯—斯蒂格尔法》颁布以 后,美国的商业银行和投资银行开始实行分业经营,投资银行 进入新的发展阶段

Packet Multiple Access SHARED UPLIN TERMINAL APPL TERMINALL TRANS NET LLC DLC MAC

Routing Must choose routes for various origin destination pairs o/d pairs) or for various sessions Datagram routing: route chosen on a packet by packet basis Using datagram routing is an easy way to split paths Virtual circuit routing: route chosen a session by session basis Static routing: route chosen in a prearranged way based on O/D pairs Eytan Modiano

Used for analyzing network performance In packet networks, events are random Random packet arrivals Random packet lengths While at the physical layer we were concerned with bit-error-rate, at the network layer we care about delays How long does a packet spend waiting in buffers?

Modulation Representing digital signals as analog waveforms Baseband signals Signals whose frequency components are concentrated around zero Passband signals Signals whose frequency components are centered at some frequency fc away from zero Baseband signals can be converted to passband signals through modulation Multiplication by a sinusoid with frequency fc Eytan Modiano

Channel Coding When transmitting over a noisy channel, some of the bits are received with errors Example: Binary Symmetric Channel (BSc) Pe= probability oferror Q: How can these errors be removed? A: Coding: the addition of redundant bits that help us determine what was sent with greater accuracy

Source coding Source Encode Channel Alphabet alphabet Source symbols Letters of alphabet, ASClI symbols, English

Sampling Given a continuous time waveform, can we represent it using discrete samples? How often should we sample? Can we reproduce the original waveform?

Administrative matters Instructors: Eytan Modiano Meeting times: Tuesdays and Thursdays Text: Communications Systems engineering Proakis and salehi Grading 10% weekly Homework Assignments 30% each of 3 exams Final exam during final exam period