Questions: Why do we select fuzzy controllers in many real-world- systems? How much of the success can be attributed to the use of the mathematical model and conventional control design approach? How much should be attributed to the clever heuristic tuning that the control engineer uses upon implementation?

How p53 and Rb pathway function may be disrupted in cancer cells Components of the pathway which are found altered in human cancers are shown in red on the diagram above p53 and Rb themselves may be inactivated by gene mutation (loss of both copies or also as in familial retinoblastoma and Li-Fraumeni syndrome where there are inherited mutations in one copy of Rb or p53 gene respectively. Alternatively

The true language of computers is a stream of 1s and 0s—bits. Everything in the computer, be it numbers or text or program, spreadsheet or database or 3-D rendering, is nothing but an array of bits. The meaning of the bits is in the “eye of the beholder”; it is determined entirely by context. Bits are not a useful medium for human consumption. Instead, we insist that what we read be formatted spatially and presented

All cereals contain a large proportion of starch. In its natural form, the starch is insoluble, tasteless, and unsuited for human consumption. To make it digestible and acceptable it must be cooked. Breakfast cereals are products that are consumed after cooking, and they fall into two categories: those made by a process that does not include cooking and which therefore have to be cooked domestically (hot cereals) and those which

In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied

1 Model problem 1.1 Poisson Equation in 1D Boundary Value Problem(BVP) (x)=∫(x) (0,1),u(0)=(1)=0,f Describes many simple physical phenomena(e.g) Deformation of an elastic bar Deformation of a string under tension Temperature distribution in a bar The Poisson equation in one dimension is in fact an ordinary differ tion. When dealing with ordinary differential equations we Poisson equation will be used here to illastrate numerical techniques for elliptic PDE's in multi-dimensions. Other techniques specialized for ordinary differen tial equations could be used if we were only interested in the one dimension

The estimate of x based on N data points can then be made without reprocessing the first N, points. Their effect can be included simply by starting with pseudo observation which is equal to the estimate based on the first N points having a variance equal to the variance of the estimate based on N The same is true of the variance of the estimate based on N

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Substitutivity of Equivalence Let A,M and N be wffs and let AMN be the result of replacing M by N at zero or more occurrences (henceforth called designate occurrences) of M in A. 1. AMN is a wff. 2. If |= M ≡ N then |= A ≡ AMN

Special case: [(P)] is rational: In this solution formula we can carry out the indicated integrations in literal form in the case in which [(P)] is rational. In our work, we deal in practical way only with rational,sn, and, so this function will be rational if D(p)is rational This will be true of every desired operation except predictor. Thus except in the case of prediction, the above