Ikenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. A car- bon-carbon double bond is both an important structural unit and an important functional group in organic chemistry. The shape of an organic molecule is influ- enced by the presence of this bond, and the double bond is the site of most of the chem- ical reactions that alkenes undergo. Some representative alkenes include isobutylene(an industrial chemical), a-pinene (a fragrant liquid obtained from pine trees), and farnesene (a naturally occurring alkene with three double bonds

rganometallic compounds are compounds that have a carbon-metal bond; they lie at the place where organic and inorganic chemistry meet. You are already familiar with at least one organometallic compound, sodium acetylide (NaC=CH), which has an ionic bond between carbon and sodium. But just because a compound contains both a metal and carbon isn't enough to classify it as organometal-

the preceding chapter you learned that nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group is one of the fundamental reaction types of organic chemistry. In addition to its own reactivity, a carbonyl group can affect the chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones in other ways. Aldehydes and ketones are in equilibrium with their enol isomers

itrogen-containing compounds are essential to life. Their ultimate source is atmo- spheric nitrogen which, by a process known as nitroge. nitrogen fixation, is reduce ced to ammonia, then converted to organic nitrogen compounds. This chapter describes the chemistry of amines, organic derivatives of ammonia. Alkylamines have their nitro- gen attached to sp'-hybridized carbon; arylamines have their nitrogen attached to an sp2-hybridized carbon of a benzene or benzene-like ring

CONTENTS Preface xxv INTRODUCTION he Origins of Organic Chemistry 1 Berzelius, Wohler. and vitalism 1 The Structural Theory 3 Electronic Theories of Structure and Reactivity 3

PREFACE t is our hope that in writing this Study Guide and Solutions Manual we will make the study of or- ganic chemistry more meaningful and worthwhile. To be effective, a study guide should be more than just an answer book. What we present here was designed with that larger goal in mind

3.1 Chemistry developed out of interest in materials The ability to control fire allowed ancient people to prepare copper(7000 years ago) and iron (3200 years ago) for tools and weapons

18.1 Paper is made of cellulose fibers Paper was first made HARDWOOD FIBERS in China as early as AD 100, of mulberry bark, and then introduced to Western world by Arabs in eighth century. The first paper mills were built in spain in 11th century

The medicinal use of plants has been discovered more than 2000 years ago. Greek physician Dioscorides described the use of opium, in which morphine is the main component. In 1806, morphine was isolated from opium. In 1820, quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree

8.1 Some Basics 273 quence in the cells DNA. A segment of a DNA molecule 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure 275 that contains the information required for the synthesis 8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry 291 8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides 300 the only known func- Watson