Biscuits are small baked products made principally from flour, sugar and fat. They typically have a moisture content of less than 4% and when packaged in moistureproof containers have a long shelf life, perhaps six months or more. The appeal to consumers is determine by the appearance and eating qualities. For example, consumers do not like broken biscuits nor ones that have been over or under baked

Chapter Organization How the European Single Currency Evolved The Euro and Economic Policy in the Euro Zone The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas The Future of EMU Summary

Chapter Organization =Introduction The Law of One Price Purchasing Power Parity A Long-Run Exchange Rate Model Based on PPP Empirical Evidence on PPP and the Law of One Price Explaining the Problems with PPP

Chapter Organization Introduction Exchange Rates and International Transactions The Foreign Exchange Market The Demand for Foreign Currency Assets Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market Interest Rates, Expectations, and Equilibrium Summary

Chapter Organization Introduction Import-Substituting Industrialization Problems of the Dual Economy Export-Oriented Industrialization: The East Asian Miracle Summary

Introduction A Standard Model of Trading Economy International Transfers of Income: Shifting the RD Curve Tariffs and Export Subsidies: Simultaneous Shifts in RS and RD Summary Appendix: Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves

Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from Trade The Political Economy of Trade: A Preliminary View Summary Appendix: Further Details on Specific Factors

Thus far, we have concentrated on the bending of shell beams. However, in the general case a beam is subjected to axial load. F · bending moments,M · shear forces,S torque(torsional moments)

We have looked at basic in-plane loading. Lets now consider a second\building block of types of loading: basic torsion There are 3 basic types of behavior depending on the type of cross-section

Previously saw (in Unit 19)that a multi degree-of-freedom system has the same basic form of the governing equation as a single degree-of-freedom system The difference is that it is a matrix equation